Coronary Venous Retroinfusion During Interventional Cardiology

Peter Boekstegers

During the past decade, several percutaneous support devices for coronary angioplasty have been developed with the aim of improving myocardial tolerance to ischemia, thereby increasing the safety of coronary angioplasty and allowing the expansion of its indications. Thus, supported co...

Coronary Sinus Interventions in Experimental Research: A Review

Harold L. Lazar and Richard J. Shemin

Despite optimal myocardial protection, ventricular dysfunction may still occur in the postoperative period following the revascularization of acutely ischemic myocardium. As more high risk patients with acute ischemic syndromes and reduced ejection fractions present for surgical revascul...

Coronary Venous Interventions (Experimental Clinical Studies)

Samuel Meerbaum

The thrust of advances in interventional cardiology has been aimed at treatment of myocardial jeopardy associated with coronary insufficiency. With surgical coronary artery bypass firmly established, the clinical armamentarium was more recently enriched by thrombolytic reperfusion to ...

Coronary Sinus Interventions During Surgical Treatment of Acute Myocardial

Friedhelm Beyersdorf

In many centers, coronary artery bypass grafting is currently considered during or soon after an acute myocardial infarction only after failed angioplasty. Emergency coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is associated with a higher mortality (6–12%) and an increased risk for dev...

Retrograde Cardioplegia in Infants and Children

Steven R. Gundry

The coronary venous connections to the capillary bed of the heart have been described for nearly 100 years,¹ yet it was not until the 1940s that clinical application of this concept to treat heart disease was employed by Beck.² Since that time surgeons have intermit...

The Selection of Antegrade Versus Retrograde Cardioplegia Delivery

Flordeliza S. Villanueva, William D. Spotnitz, and Sanjiv Kaul

The optimal delivery of cardioplegia to induce and maintain cardiac arrest is fundamen-tal to myocardial preservation during cardiac surgery. Traditional approaches utilizing intracoronary or intraaortic delivery of cardioplegia rely on antegrade flow through the epicardial coronary a...

Distribution of Antegrade and Retrograde Cardioplegia-Experimental

Gabriel S. Aldea and Richard S. Shemin

Previously published clinical series do not reflect the evolution of myocardial protection, anesthetic, and surgical revascularization techniques. Despite the relentless progressive increase in perioperative comorbid risks in patients undergoing CABG, results have remained uniformly exce...

The Hazards of Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury During Revascularization

Katharina Palisek, Günter Steurer, Hans-Henner Becker and Werner

Enormous advances in surgical, pharmacological, and interventional techniques result-ing in early restoration of infarct artery patency significantly improved outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes.¹ However, time-consuming preparations in patients with acute myocar...

Computer Simulation and Modeling of the Coronary Circulation

Friederike Neumann, Martin Neumann, Rudolf Karch, and Wolfgang Schreiner

In the large field of physiological processes such as, for instance, transportation and delivery of substances in the circulatory systems of the body, computer experiments and simulation studies can be very effectively applied. In the computer model, significant characteristics (e.g.,...

Regional Differences and Variability in Left Ventricular Wall Motion

Werner Heimisch

In our understanding of the mechanical performance of the heart as a pump we mostly rely on the famous studies of Otto Frank¹ and Ernest Starling² whose observations have been widely accepted for a century. Thus, the clinical therapeutic regimens contain volume s...

Structure and Function of the Cardiac Lymphatic System

Hubert Schad

The physiology of the lymphatic system lives like Cinderella at the side of her attractive sisters the physiology of the heart and of the circulation. Lymphatic vessels, however, have been observed in classical antiquity. Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.) reported vessels draining "white blo...

The Anatomical Basis of Coronary Sinus Reperfusion

Michael von Lüdinghausen, Masahiro Miura

The venous drainage system of the myocardium is divided in two parts (Fig. 1):

A. The great (major) cardiac venous drainage system (GCVDS) extends over the surface of the ventricular and atrial myocardium. The distribution patterns of these veins are highly variable; however,...

The Venous Drainage of the Myocardium in the Human Heart

Michael von Lüdinghausen, Nobuko Ohmachi and Shoji Chiba

The coronary sinus (cs) is the anatomically appropriate location for the placement of a balloon catheter for retrograde perfusion or revascularization, in particular of the vessels of the left ventricular myocardium, in a case of severe stenosing coronary heart disease and jeopardized...

Development of Blood Cardioplegia and Retrograde Techniques, The Experimenter/Observer Complex

Gerald D. Buckberg

A surgical colleague, Dr. Mohl, asked me to describe the course of develop-ments in myocardial protection coming from our studies during the past 28 years, as all seems to flow logically. Such logic may be perceived since events do not normally progress in a coordinated way. It is unc...

Basic Considerations and Techniques in Coronary Sinus

Werner Mohl

Thank God for the ingenious device of coronary ventricular channels, which relieve the myocardium from the coronary blood and thus prevent accumulations of interstitial fluid' wrote Adam Christian Thebesius in 1703 in his thesis De circulo sanguine ...