Appendix III. Tertiary Structures of Proteases and Protease Inhibitors Available in the Brookhaven and National Laboratory Protein Data Bank

France Brunelle and Dominique Michaud

Appendix II. Plant Protease Inhibitors: Availabe mRNA Sequences

Binh Nguyen-Quoc

The GenBank Database was searched with the Wisconsin Package, Version 9.1 (Madison Genetics Computer Group, Madison WI), using the following keywords: protease inhibitor, proteinase inhibitor, cystatin, trypsin inhibitor, chymotrypsin inhibitor, Kunitz, BowmanBirk and serpin. Several hun...

Appendix I. Substrates and Inhibitors Useful in Protease Characterization

France Brunelle and Dominique Michaud

substrate a chromogenic or fluorogenic nature useful in subsequent quantitation of hydrolytic activity. Based on the position of the substituent(s), synthetic substrates may be classified in two groups: endoprotease (or proteinase) substrates, in which both the amino and carboxy termini ...

Protease Inhibitors in Food Processing

Fernando L. García-Carreño, Haejung An and Norman F. Haard

Food technology is a marketdriven activity. The current generation of food technologists is looking for added value for the consumer, better profit margins, and more efficient utilization of resources. Enzymatic modification of food proteins has an important role in the food industry wit...

Proteinase Inhibitors in Health and Disease Control—Medical and Industrial Aspects

Michiel F.J. Blankenvoorde, Henk S. Brand, Yvonne M.C. Henskens, Enno C.I. Veerman and Arie V. Nieuw Amerongen

Proteolytic enzymes are involved in numerous physiological processes in man including food digestion, tissue remodelling, host defense, blood coagulation and the activation of proenzymes and prohormones, and proteinase inhibitors (PIs) play an important physiological role in the regulati...

Expression of Protease Inhibitor in Sweetpotato

Dapeng Zhang, Giselle Cipriani, Isabelle Rety, Ali Golmirzae, Nicole Smit and Dominique Michaud

_Sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam.)] is a dicotyledenous plant belonging to the family Convolvulaceae, the morning glory family.¹ Among food crops of the world, sweetpotato ranks seventh in production, with a total global growing area of 9.2 million ha and...

Expression of Protease Inhibitors in Potato

Conrad Cloutier and Dominique Michaud

Potato crops are produced worldwide with an estimated production of 18 M ha in 148 countries (FAO, http://www.fao.org). Potato ranks number 4 as a plant cultivated for human food production, with approximately 1 billion consumers and over 295 M metric tons (mT) produced in 1997. Annual p...

Using Protease Proregions as Regulators of Insect Digestive Proteinases

Mark A.J. Taylor

In order to maintain their rapid growth, the larvae of many insect pests need to feed nearly continuously and have very efficient digestive enzymes. Insect digestive proteinases are often targetted as potential candidates for pest control as they are easily accessible to ingested plant m...

Engineering Protease Inhibitors by Phage Display

Jules Beekwilder and Maarten Jongsma

Recent literature on the use of protease inhibitors (PIs) for pest control has made it clear that insects are well adapted to cope with a large range of these inhibitors. They have evolved proteases which are insensitive to the action of host plant inhibitors and are able to activate the...

Using Natural and Modified Protease Inhibitors

Dominique Michaud and Binh Nguyen-Quoc

Considering the high complexity of protease/inhibitor interactions in hostpest systems and the diversity of proteolytic enzymes used by pests and pathogens to hydrolyze dietary proteins or to cleave peptide bonds in more specific processes,¹⁵ the choice of an appropriate prote...

Multiple Protease/Inhibitor Interactions in Plant-Pest Systems

Savita Visal-Shah, France Brunelle and Dominique Michaud

Recent advances in the field of protease inhibitor (PI)-based control of pests and pathogens revealed the high complexity of protease/inhibitor interactions in hostpest systems.¹⁵ Such interactions have been thoroughly studied, in particular in plant-pest systems, where dynami...

Interference of Protease Inhibitors on Non-Target Organisms

Louise A. Malone and Elisabeth P.J. Burgess

When plants are genetically modi- fied with proteinase inhibitor (PI)-encoding genes, the intended targets for these PIs are either herbivorous pests or pathogenic microorganisms attacking the plant. In any agricultural system, a number of non-target organisms will also be exposed to the...

The Response of Insects to Dietary Protease Inhibitors

Roxanne M. Broadway

One of the most important determinants for the successful use of recombinant proteinase inhibitors (PIs) against herbivorous insects is the selection of appropriate PIs. There are four classes of proteolytic enzymes responsible for the digestion of dietary proteins. These classes are bas...

Regulation of Plant Defense Against Herbivorous Pests

Hisashi Koiwa, Ray A. Bressan and Paul M. Hasegawa

It is estimated that potential crop yield is reduced by about 40% because of dam age or competition from arthropods, nematodes, diseases and weeds. Herbivorous pests such as insects, mites and nematodes are major contributors to yield loss either directly through consumption of plant bio...

The Control of Plant Pathogens with Protease Inhibitors: A Realistic Approach?

Stephen Gleddie and Dominique Michaud

Plant pathogens contribute significantly to the yield losses suffered by producers and growers of numerous horticultural and field crops worldwide. Controlling plant pathogens by the use of pesticides and fungicides is a common procedure when the costs associated with the disease in ques...

Recombinant Protease Inhibitors as Management Tools to Suppress Parasitic Nematodes

Thierry Vrain

Nematodes are the most successful multicellular form of animal life on earth. They colonize all trophic milieux with enough water to sustain their aquatic origin, the bottom of the seas, rivers and lakes, all continents, the deserts and the toundra included, usually in billions per acre....

Cystatin-Based Control of Insects, with Special Reference to Oryzacystatin

Soichi Arai and Kaiko Abe

Cystatins were initially defined as proteins that specifically inhibit cysteine proteinases in general,¹ but this understanding has recently undergone certain changes. Recent advances in enzymology revealed the existence of a variety of cysteine proteinases, resulting in their...

Control of Phytophagous Insect Pests Using Serine Proteinase Inhibitors

John A. Gatehouse, Angharad M.R. Gatehouse and David P. Bown

The role of proteinase inhibitors (PIs) in plant defense against predators and pathogens is now well established. Although diverse endogenous functions for these proteins have been proposed, ranging from regulators of endogenous proteinases to storage proteins, evidence for many of the r...

Protease/Inhibitor Interactions in Plant-Pest Systems: A Brief Overview

Dominique Michaud

The metabolism of any living cell depends on proteolysis. Proteases, which form a diverse group of enzymes capable of cleaving peptide bonds, are implicated in various essential processes ranging from the fine control of protein catabolism and the selective degradation of damaged protein...