Molecular Mechanisms
of Parasite Invasion
|
Edited By:Barbara A. BurleighDepartment of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health Dominique Soldati-Favre Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine University of Geneva Geneva, Switzerland ISBN: 978-0-387-78266-9 Published: 2008-04-10 This book may be purchased as an eBook (pdf) for $99, or individual chapters (pdf) may be purchased from the list below for $19. |
All of the parasitic organisms highlighted in this new book represent medically important human pathogens that contribute significantly to the global burden of disease. As such there is intense interest in understanding the molecular basis of infection by these pathogens—not only with regard to their clinical relevance but also the fascinating biology they reveal. For most of the parasites discussed here the ability to penetrate biological barriers and/or to establish intracellular residence is critical to survival of the pathogen in the mammalian hosts. For other parasites, a tissue invasive phenotype is a key virulence determinant. In the ensuing 18 chapters, select members of this diverse set of protozoan parasites, as well as some examples of the extremely reduced fungal parasites classified as Microsporidia, are discussed within the context of the fascinating molecular strategies employed by these organisms to migrate across biological barriers and to establish residence within target host cells.
Chapters available from this book
Leishmania Invasion and Phagosome Biogenesis
Robert Lodge and Albert Descoteaux
Whereas bacterial pathogens take over the control of their host cell actin cytoskeleton by delivering an array of protein effectors through specialized secretion systems, promastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani rely entirely upon a cell surface glycolipid to achieve this feat. He...
Calcium Regulation and Signaling in Apicomplexan Parasites
Kisaburo Nagamune, Silvia N. Moreno, Eduardo N. Chini and L. David Sibley
Apicomplexan parasites rely on calcium-mediated signaling for a variety of vital functions including protein secretion, motility, cell invasion, and differentiation. These functions are controlled by a variety of specialized systems for uptake and release of calcium, which acts as a second messenger...
Host Cell Actin Remodeling in Response to Cryptosporidium
Steven P. O'Hara, Aaron J. Small, Xian-Ming Chen and Nicholas F. LaRusso
Despite sporadic reports of Cryptosporidium infection throughout the 1900s, the clinical significance of this parasite in humans was not recognized until the first documented human diagnosis of C. parvum in 1976, and the subsequent realization that as an opportunistic infectious agent, Cryptosporidi...
Plasmodium Sporozoite Passage across the Sinusoidal Cell Layer
Ute Frevert, Ivan Usynin, Kerstin Baer and Christian Klotz
Malaria sporozoites must cross at least two cell barriers to reach their initial site of replication in the mammalian host. After transmission into the skin by an infected mosquito, they migrate towards small dermal capillaries, traverse the vascular endothelial layer, and rapidly home to the liver....
Host Cell Actin Remodeling in Response to Trypanosoma cruzi: Trypomastigote Versus Amastigote Entry
Renato A. Mortara, Walter K. Andreoli , Maria Cecília D.C. Fernandes, Claudio V. da Silva, Adriana B. Fernandes, Carolina L'Abbate and Solange da Silva
Trypanosoma cruzi is the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas’ disease, a highly prevalent vector-borne disease in Latin America. Chagas’ disease is a major public health problem in endemic regions with an estimated 18 million people are infected with T. cruzi and another 100 million at risk (http:...
Transepithelial Migration by Toxoplasma
Antonio Barragan and Niclas Hitziger
A hallmark of T. gondii infections is passage of parasites across restrictive biological barriers—intestine, blood-brain barrier, blood-retina barrier and placenta—during primary infection or reactivation of chronic disease. Traversal of cellular barriers permits rapid dissemination of parasites to ...
Trypanosoma cruzi: Parasite and Host Cell Signaling during the Invasion Process
Nobuko Yoshida and Mauro Cortez
Mammalian cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi is a complex process in which various parasite and host cell components interact, triggering the activation of signaling cascades and Ca2+ mobilization in both cells. Using metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) generated in vitro and tissue culture-derived tryp...
Role of the gp85/Trans-Sialidase Superfamily of Glycoproteins in the Interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with Host Structures
Maria Júlia M. Alves and Walter Colli
Invasion of mammalian cells by T. cruzi trypomastigotes is a multi-step and complex process involving several adhesion molecules, signaling events and proteolytic activities. From the blood to the cell target in different tissues the parasite has to interact with different cells and the extracellula...
Roles of Proteases during Invasion and Egress by Plasmodium and Toxoplasma
Timothy J. Dowse, Konstantinos Koussis, Michael J. Blackman and Dominique Soldati-Favre
Apicomplexan pathogens replicate exclusively within the confines of a host cell. Entry into (invasion) and exit from (egress) these cells requires an array of specialized parasite molecules, many of which have long been considered to have potential as targets of drug or vaccine-based therapies. In t...
Roles of Naturally Occurring Protease Inhibitors in the Modulation of Host Cell Signaling and Cellular Invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi
Julio Scharfstein and Ana Paula C.A. Lima
Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes rely on the structural diversity of the cruzipain family of cysteine proteases to infect and multiply in nonprofessional phagocytic cells. Herein, we will review studies demonstrating that the interplay of cruzipain with peptidase inhibitors modulate infection outco...
The Microsporidian Polar Tube and Its Role in Invasion
Frédéric Delbac and Valérie Polonais
The Microsporidia are a phylum of small unicellular eukaryotes comprising more than 150 genera and 1200 species. They are obligate intracellular parasites which are able to form environmentally resistant spores. Historically, Nosema bombycis, was the first described species in this phylum and is the...
Actin/Myosin-Based Gliding Motility in Apicomplexan Parasites
Kai Matuschewski and Herwig Schüler
Apicomplexan parasites move and actively enter host cells by substrate-dependent gliding motility, an unusual form of eukaryotic locomotion that differs fundamentally from the motility of prokaryotic and viral pathogens. Recent research has uncovered some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms und...
Current and Emerging Approaches to Studying Invasion in Apicomplexan Parasites
Jeffrey Mital and Gary E. Ward
In this chapter, we outline the tools and techniques available to study the process of host cell invasion by apicomplexan parasites and we provide specific examples of how these methods have been used to further our understanding of apicomplexan invasive mechanisms. Throughout the chapter we focus o...
Microneme Proteins in Apicomplexans
Vern B. Carruthers and Fiona M. Tomley
The invasive stages (zoites) of most apicomplexan parasites are polarised cells that use their actinomyosin-powered gliding motility or “glideosome” system to move over surfaces, migrate through biological barriers and invade and leave host cells. Central to these processes is the timely engagement ...
Biogenesis of and Activities at the Toxoplasma gondii Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane
Anthony P. Sinai
Apicomplexan parasites like Toxoplasma gondii are distinctive in their utilization of parasite encoded motor systems to invade cells. Invasion results in the establishment of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the infected cell. Most apicomplexans complete their intracellular tenure within the ...
The Role of Host Cell Lysosomes in Trypanosoma cruzi Invasion
G. Adam Mott and Barbara A. Burleigh
The cell-invasive, trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi exhibits a unique relationship with lysosomes in target host cells. In contrast to many intracellular pathogens that are adept at avoiding contact with lysosomes, T. cruzi requires transient residence within this acidic organelle for produc...
Intestinal Invasion by Entamoeba histolytica
Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi and William Petri
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and causes the disease amebiasis. The spectrum of intestinal amebiasis varies from colonization without symptoms to fulminating diarrhea and intestinal hemorrhage. The dissemination of the parasite via invasion of the intestinal epith...
Erythrocyte Invasion by Plasmodium falciparum: Multiple Ligand-Receptor Interactions and Phenotypic Switching
Manoj Duraisingh, Tiffany DeSimone, Cameron Jennings, Philippe Refour and Chenwei Wu
Infection with the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of human malaria with over two million deaths per year. The clinical symptoms of malaria infection result from the rapid exponential expansion of parasites during the asexual erythrocytic phase of the P. falcipar...


