Autophagy
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Edited By:Daniel KlionskyUniversity of Michigan ISBN: 978-1-58706-203-2 Published: 2003-12-15 This book may be purchased as an eBook (pdf) for $99, or individual chapters (pdf) may be purchased from the list below for $19. |
Starting in the early 1970s, a type of programmed cell death called apoptosis began to receive attention. Over the next three decades, research in this area continued at an accelerated rate. In the early 1990s, a second type of programmed cell death, autophagy, came into focus. Autophagy has been studied in mammalian cells for many years. The recent application of the yeast genetic system has allowed the field to expand rapidly. Continued studies in these and other eukaryotic systems are likely to provide tremendous insight into autophagy, particularly at the mechanistic level. Autophagy is a process in which a cell carries out “self eating” either in response to starvation or various hormonal cues. This process occurs in all eukaryotic cells. It plays a normal role in cellular physiology but has received tremendous attention in the last few years because it has been shown to correlate with various diseases in humans. For example, defects in autophagy have been linked to cancer, cardiomyopathy and neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. One of the most distinctive features of this book is that it is the only comprehensive book (actually, the only book at all) available on this topic. It covers essentially all current areas of autophagy, including research in animal cells, yeast, Drosophila, C. elegans and plants. The authors are recognized experts in the field. The book is written at a level that is appropriate for both experts in the field and newcomers.
Chapters available from this book
Role of Autophagy in Developmental Cell Growth and Death: Insights from Drosophila
Thomas P. Neufeld
During development in Drosophila, larvae increase in mass by 1,000-fold over the course of a few days. This high rate of growth is controlled by TOR, a potent regulator of both protein synthesis and autophagy. At metamorphosis, most larval tissues are histolyzed through autophagy-mediated cell de...
Ubiquitin-Mediated Vacuolar Sorting and Degradation
David J. Katzmann
Protein sorting within the endosomal system can yield several outcomes. One outcome is sorting into the intralumenal vesicles of a multivesicular body (MVB). MVB formation is required for a number of important cellular functions. It has been appreciated for some time that some cell surface recept...
Autophagocytosis and Programmed Cell Death
Wilfried Bursch, Adolf Ellinger, Christopher Gerner and Rolf Schulte-Hermann
In the last decade tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the control of apoptosis by the cytokine/growth factor network of organisms as well as the molecular mechanisms of signal-transduction in preparation and final execution of the cell’s suicide. Accumulating evidence suggests...
Autophagy and Neuromuscular Diseases
Takashi Ueno, Isei Tanida and Eiki Kominami
Autophagy, a process by which bulk cellular proteins are turned over via the lysosomal/ vacuolar system, substantially contributes to the quality control of cytoplasmic components by removing aged or injured cell constituents that are formed in cells exposed to various stimuli and stresses. Once ...
Autophagy in Neural Function and Neuronal Death
Aviva M. Tolkovsky
Autophagic activity in the nervous system has long been noted. Autophagy is activated in neurons during development, after injury, and in a range of genetic disorders. At times autophagy coincides with regeneration, while at other times it appears to lead to neurodegeneration. Accordingly, argume...
Autophagy and Cancer
Norihiko Furuya, Xiao Huan Liang and Beth Levine
Cancer is a complex multigenic disorder involving the perturbation of several different pathways that regulate cell differentiation, cell proliferation and cell survival. In theory, the process of macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) may protect against cancer by sequestering damaged ...
Trafficking of Bacterial Pathogens to Autophagosomes
William A. Dunn, Jr., Brian R. Dorn and Ann Progulske-Fox
Bacteria have evolved a variety of mechanisms to subvert the eukaryotic defenses and survive intracellularly. Many bacterial pathogens have been shown to establish an intracellular niche for survival and replication by lysing the phagosome and entering the cytosol, by suppressing the maturation o...
Autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans
Attila L. Kovács, Tibor Vellai and Fritz Müller
The first detailed morphological description and quantitative data on autophagy in C. elegans show the appearance of autophagic vacuoles in various stages of development in most cell types of wild type and certain mutant animals. The preliminary results concerning some autophagy-related genes and...
Autophagy in Plants
Yuji Moriyasu and Daniel J. Klionsky
There is substantial morphological evidence that plants carry out autophagy. Different types of vacuoles such as the vegetative vacuole and protein storage vacuole are present in plant cells. Morphological studies suggest that these two types of vacuoles function as lytic compartments of autophag...
Mammalian Homologues of Yeast Autophagy Proteins
Tamotsu Yoshimori and Noboru Mizushima
Vacuolar Import and Degradation
C. Randell Brown and Hui-Ling Chiang
The gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is rapidly degraded in yeast cells following a shift from low glucose conditions to high glucose conditions. Although the site of degradation has been controversial, research from our lab and others indicates that a significant portion of FBPas...
Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy
J. Fred Dice, Patrick F. Finn, Amy E. Majeski, Nicholas T. Mesires and Ana Maria Cuervo
Chaperone-mediated autophagy (Cma) is responsible for the degradation of 30% of cytosolic proteins from fibroblasts, hepatocytes and many other cell types during prolonged starvation. All substrate proteins for this pathway of proteolysis contain a compositional peptide motif related to KFERQ. Is...
Glucose-Induced Pexophagy in Pichia pastoris
Pouran Habibzadegah-Tari and William A. Dunn, Jr.
Pexophagy is the selective degradation of peroxisomes by the yeast vacuole. In Pichia pastoris, pexophagy occurs when cells adapt from utilizing methanol as the sole carbon source to metabolizing glucose. Upon glucose adaptation from methanol, the peroxisomes are engulfed within the vacuole by an...
Microautophagy of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nucleus
David S. Goldfarb
Portions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleus are targeted to the vacuole and degraded by “piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus” (Pmn). During Pmn small teardrop-like nuclear envelope blebs are engulfed by invaginations of the vacuole membrane, pinched into the vacuole lumen, and degraded b...
Microautophagy
Chao-Wen Wang and Daniel J. Klionsky
Micro- and macroautophagy are both processes in which portions of the cytoplasm are non-specifically sequestered, delivered to the lysosome/vacuole, degraded and recycled. The primary morphological difference between these pathways has to do with the site of sequestration and the origin of the se...
Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting
Per E. Strømhaug and Daniel J. Klionsky
The cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway is a biosynthetic membrane transport mechanism for the delivery of the resident enzymes aminopeptidase I (Ape1) and alpha-mannosidase (Ams1) to the vacuole. These hydrolases are synthesized on free ribosomes in the cytosol where they rapidly oligom...
Macroautophagy in Yeast
Takeshi Noda and Yoshinori Ohsumi
The discovery of the occurrence of autophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the subsequent isolation of autophagy defective mutants provided the first opportunity to understand the details of the molecular mechanism involved in this process. In this chapter, we provide a brief history...
Regulation of Autophagy by the Target of Rapamycin (Tor) Proteins
Hagai Abeliovich
Administration of the small macrolide antibiotic rapamycin to eukaryotic cells results in physiological responses that mimic nutrient starvation, and in many ways resembles nitrogen starvation. The target for rapamycin action in these cells is a family of conserved kinases known as TOR (target of...
Regulation of Mammalian Autophagy by Protein Phosphorylation
Michael T.N. Møller, Hamid R. Samari, Lise Holden and Per O. Seglen
Mammalian autophagy is subject to regulation by a variety of protein kinases and phosphatases. Long-term control of autophagic capacity seems to be mediated by transcriptional effect(s) of eIF2• kinases, whereas a signaling pathway initiated by the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its upst...
Signaling Pathways in Mammalian Autopathy
Patrice Codogno and Alfred J. Meijer
Macroautophagy is a major catabolic process conserved from yeast to human. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is stimulated by a variety of intracellular and extracellular stress situations including amino acid starvation, aggregation of misfolded proteins, and accumulation of damaged organelle...
Structural Aspects of Mammalian Autophagy
Monica Fengsrud, Marianne Lunde Sneve, Anders Øverbye and Per O. Seglen
The initial event in mammalian autophagy, triggered, for example, by amino acid starvation, is the sequestration and enclosure of a piece of cytoplasm by one or more specialized membrane cisternae of uncertain origin, called phagophores. The resulting cytoplasm-filled vacuolar organelle, known as...
Autophagy: An Overview
Daniel J. Klionsky
Autophagy has been a focus of research for over half a century. Based on the increased number of publications, range of model systems and variety of topics being studied in regard to autophagy, however, research into this topic has increased and continues to increase tremendously starting within ...
Autophagocytosis and Programmed Cell Death
Wilfried Bursch, Adolf Ellinger, Christopher Gerner and Rolf Schulte-Hermann
In the last decade tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the control of apoptosis by the cytokine/growth factor network of organisms as well as the molecular mechanisms of signal-transduction in preparation and final execution of the cell’s suicide. Accumulating evidence sugge...
Selective Degradation of Peroxisomes in the Methylotrophic Yeast Hansenula polymorpha
Jan Kiel and Marten Veenhuis
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles, morphologically characterized by a single membrane that encloses a proteinaceous matrix. These organelles are inducible in nature, and their functional diversity is unprecedented. Their importance is probably best illustrated by the existence of peroxisomal ...
