Chapter category: Vaccines
Critical Dependence of the Peptide Delivery Method on the Efficacy of Epitope Focused Immunotherapy
Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccines
Edited by: W. Martin KastISBN: 1-58706-026-4
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Chapter authors:
Gregory E. Holt, Markwin P. Velders, Michael P. Rudolf, Laurie A. Small, Maurizio Provenzano, Sanne Weijzen, Diane M. Da Silva, Marten Visser, Simone A.J. ter Horst, Remco M.P. Brandt and W. Martin Kast
Tumor immunotherapy describes the use of the immune system as a tool to eliminate cancer from the stricken patient. The theory contends that immunization against certain proteins either associated with or specific for the tumor will create a potent cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity able to selectively kill the cancer cells. The antitumor specificity of the T cells is retained in the ability of the CTLs T cell receptor (TCR) to recognize an eight to twelve amino acid peptide bound to the MHC class I molecules of the tumor cells. Epitope focused immunotherapy (EFIT) is an offshoot of tumor immunotherapy that strives to identify the sequence of protein derived antigenic peptides bound to the MHC molecules and then focus the immunization against these epitopes. This Chapter deals with the many different epitope based immunization strategies and describes the characteristics of each that contributes or detracts from the overall success of the method. It has been organized into four sections each dealing with an alternative immunization strategy for epitope based vaccines including peptide vaccination, dendritic cell vaccination, DNA vaccination and recombinant virus vaccination. The section on peptide vaccination describes the use of synthetic peptides injected primarily subcutaneously in association with noncellular adjuvants. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccination will detail the ex vivo loading of DCs with antigen using a variety of methods for their eventual reinfusion. The injection of genetic constructs containing “minigenes” encoding each peptide makes up the third part concerning DNA vaccination. Finally, the use of viruses engineered to express the peptides comprises the last section entitled recombinant virus vaccination.
Additional chapters from this book:
Melanoma Peptide Clinical Trials
Ian D. Davis and Michael T. Lotze
Although various immunologic approaches to the treatment of cancer have been used for over a century,1 it is only relatively recent that specific human cancer targets have been defined allowing spec...
Gp100 and G250: Towards Specific Immunotherapy Employing Dendritic Cells in Melanoma and Renal Cell Carcinoma
Joost L.M.Vissers, I. Jolanda M. de Vries, Egbert Oosterwijk, Carl G. Figdor and Gosse J. Adema
A long history of studies demonstrate the capacity of the immune system to develop specific reactivity against antigens foreign to the host, like viral and bacterial antigens. During the last decade...
Peptide Vaccines for the Treatment of Melanoma
Willem W. Overwijk and Nicholas P. Restifo
The development of cancer vaccines has been greatly advanced by the recent identification of many tumor-associated antigens (TAA) recognized by T cells.1,2 A majority of these antigens have been clo...
Peptides in Cervical Cancer
Maaike E. Ressing, Remco M.P. Brandt, Joan H. de Jong, Rienk Offringa, Cornelis J.M. Melief and W. Martin Kast
Observations that susceptibility to several cancer types is increased in immunocompromised individuals have led to the assumption that immune responses are able to interfere with tumor development.1...
Peptides in Prostate Cancer
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The timely detection and effective treatment of prostatic cancer is one of the major health problems faced in the United States and, to a comparable extent, the rest of the world. It is predicted th...
Clinical Trials of HER-2/neu Peptide-Based Vaccines
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Cancer vaccines are not used routinely in the clinical practice of most oncologists, despite decades of study. Several advances in basic immunology over the last few years have forced a re-evaluatio...
Cytotoxic T Cell Epitopes and Tissue Distribution of the HER-2/neu Proto-Oncogene: Implications for Vaccine Development
Barbara Seliger, Koji Kono, Y. Rongcun and Rolf Kiessling
The development of immunotherapeutic methods to treat cancer is critically depen dent on the identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Several immunodominant peptide epitopes, recognized by...
Studies of MUC1 Peptides
Vasso Apostolopoulos, Geoffrey A. Pietersz and Ian FC McKenzie
There have been more studies of Mucin 1 (MUC1) peptides in breast cancer than of any other peptides in this disease, and it is appropriate that the use of MUC1 peptides and vaccines be reviewed here...
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Peptides and Vaccines for Carcinoma
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This Chapter addresses the current status of the development of recombinant vaccines employing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as the target antigen. Included is an over view of preclinical studies a...
Cancer Peptide Vaccines in Clinical Trials
Jeffrey S. Weber
The revelation that protein antigens were processed into peptides by a pathway of intracellular degradation and presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells for recognition by T-cells in ass...
Critical Dependence of the Peptide Delivery Method on the Efficacy of Epitope Focused Immunotherapy
Gregory E. Holt, Markwin P. Velders, Michael P. Rudolf, Laurie A. Small, Maurizio Provenzano, Sanne Weijzen, Diane M. Da Silva, Marten Visser, Simone A.J. ter Horst, Remco M.P. Brandt and W. Martin Kast
Tumor immunotherapy describes the use of the immune system as a tool to eliminate cancer from the stricken patient. The theory contends that immunization against certain proteins either associated w...
p53: A Target for T-Cell Mediated Immunotherapy
Michel P.M. Vierboom, Dmitry I. Gabrilovich, Rienk Offringa, W. Martin Kast and Cornelis J.M. Melief
Burnet’s theory of immunosurveillance postulates that malignant transformation causes the expression of neoantigens. The theory states tumor specific antigens are recognized by the immune system, wh...
Mutant Oncogene and Tumor Suppressor Gene Products and Fusion Proteins Created by Chromosomal Translocations as Targets for Cancer Vaccines
V. Ellen Maher, B. Scott Worley, David Contois, M. Charles Smith, Michael J. Kelley, Michael Stipanov, Samir N. Khleif, Theresa Goletz, Leon van den Broeke, Crystal Mackall, Lee J. Helman, David P. Carbone and Jay A. Berzofsky
Identification and Selection of T-Cell Epitopes Derived from Tumor-Associated Antigens for the Development of Immunotherapy for Cancer
Esteban Celis
Because the immune system has the capacity to recognize and in many cases destroy tumor cells, significant efforts are being devoted to the development of immune-based therapies for cancer. Both cyt...
