Chapter category: Vaccines
Clinical Trials of HER-2/neu Peptide-Based Vaccines
Peptide-Based Cancer Vaccines
Edited by: W. Martin KastISBN: 1-58706-026-4
» Get more information about this book at landesbioscience.com «
Chapter authors:
Mary L. Disis and Martin A. Cheever
Cancer vaccines are not used routinely in the clinical practice of most oncologists, despite decades of study. Several advances in basic immunology over the last few years have forced a re-evaluation of cancer vaccine development. The most important finding has been that human tumors are immunogenic and the definition of some cancer related proteins that are tumor antigens. Abundant or overexpressed oncogenic proteins can be immunogenic. Studies by several groups have identified “self ” antigens, expressed on tumor cells, as tumor antigens.1, 2 These proteins are not mutated in any way, but are clearly immunogenic in patients with cancer and have been shown to generate both antibody, T helper, and cytolytic T cell (CTL) responses.1, 3. Many of these proteins are present at much higher concentrations in malignant cells than in the normal cells with which they are associated.3 Gene amplification results in overexpression of normal cellular proteins in cancer cells and is an etiologic factor in the malignant transformation of many solid tumors. Overexpressed oncoproteins are distinct from their normal counterparts only by virtue of their greater concentration in cancer cells. Intuitively, these proteins would not be considered potential tumor antigens as patients should be tolerant to self-proteins. The finding, that many tumor antigens are self-proteins, has resulted in a “paradigm shift”.4. The new paradigm includes self-proteins as tumor antigens and tolerance induction as a possible mechanism of immune escape. Although issues of tolerance and the potential for precipitation of autoimmune disease by augmenting immune responses to these self cancer proteins is a concern, overexpressed oncoproteins offer the advantage of containing epitopes capable of interacting with any major histocompatibility molecule (MHC). The problem facing tumor immunologists studying immunity to self-tumor antigens is how to invoke immunity to self for cancer therapeutics.
Additional chapters from this book:
Melanoma Peptide Clinical Trials
Ian D. Davis and Michael T. Lotze
Although various immunologic approaches to the treatment of cancer have been used for over a century,1 it is only relatively recent that specific human cancer targets have been defined allowing spec...
Gp100 and G250: Towards Specific Immunotherapy Employing Dendritic Cells in Melanoma and Renal Cell Carcinoma
Joost L.M.Vissers, I. Jolanda M. de Vries, Egbert Oosterwijk, Carl G. Figdor and Gosse J. Adema
A long history of studies demonstrate the capacity of the immune system to develop specific reactivity against antigens foreign to the host, like viral and bacterial antigens. During the last decade...
Peptide Vaccines for the Treatment of Melanoma
Willem W. Overwijk and Nicholas P. Restifo
The development of cancer vaccines has been greatly advanced by the recent identification of many tumor-associated antigens (TAA) recognized by T cells.1,2 A majority of these antigens have been clo...
Peptides in Cervical Cancer
Maaike E. Ressing, Remco M.P. Brandt, Joan H. de Jong, Rienk Offringa, Cornelis J.M. Melief and W. Martin Kast
Observations that susceptibility to several cancer types is increased in immunocompromised individuals have led to the assumption that immune responses are able to interfere with tumor development.1...
Peptides in Prostate Cancer
Michael L. Salgaller
The timely detection and effective treatment of prostatic cancer is one of the major health problems faced in the United States and, to a comparable extent, the rest of the world. It is predicted th...
Clinical Trials of HER-2/neu Peptide-Based Vaccines
Mary L. Disis and Martin A. Cheever
Cancer vaccines are not used routinely in the clinical practice of most oncologists, despite decades of study. Several advances in basic immunology over the last few years have forced a re-evaluatio...
Cytotoxic T Cell Epitopes and Tissue Distribution of the HER-2/neu Proto-Oncogene: Implications for Vaccine Development
Barbara Seliger, Koji Kono, Y. Rongcun and Rolf Kiessling
The development of immunotherapeutic methods to treat cancer is critically depen dent on the identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Several immunodominant peptide epitopes, recognized by...
Studies of MUC1 Peptides
Vasso Apostolopoulos, Geoffrey A. Pietersz and Ian FC McKenzie
There have been more studies of Mucin 1 (MUC1) peptides in breast cancer than of any other peptides in this disease, and it is appropriate that the use of MUC1 peptides and vaccines be reviewed here...
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) Peptides and Vaccines for Carcinoma
Jeffrey Schlom
This Chapter addresses the current status of the development of recombinant vaccines employing carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as the target antigen. Included is an over view of preclinical studies a...
Cancer Peptide Vaccines in Clinical Trials
Jeffrey S. Weber
The revelation that protein antigens were processed into peptides by a pathway of intracellular degradation and presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells for recognition by T-cells in ass...
Critical Dependence of the Peptide Delivery Method on the Efficacy of Epitope Focused Immunotherapy
Gregory E. Holt, Markwin P. Velders, Michael P. Rudolf, Laurie A. Small, Maurizio Provenzano, Sanne Weijzen, Diane M. Da Silva, Marten Visser, Simone A.J. ter Horst, Remco M.P. Brandt and W. Martin Kast
Tumor immunotherapy describes the use of the immune system as a tool to eliminate cancer from the stricken patient. The theory contends that immunization against certain proteins either associated w...
p53: A Target for T-Cell Mediated Immunotherapy
Michel P.M. Vierboom, Dmitry I. Gabrilovich, Rienk Offringa, W. Martin Kast and Cornelis J.M. Melief
Burnet’s theory of immunosurveillance postulates that malignant transformation causes the expression of neoantigens. The theory states tumor specific antigens are recognized by the immune system, ...
Mutant Oncogene and Tumor Suppressor Gene Products and Fusion Proteins Created by Chromosomal Translocations as Targets for Cancer Vaccines
V. Ellen Maher, B. Scott Worley, David Contois, M. Charles Smith, Michael J. Kelley, Michael Stipanov, Samir N. Khleif, Theresa Goletz, Leon van den Broeke, Crystal Mackall, Lee J. Helman, David P. Carbone and Jay A. Berzofsky
Identification and Selection of T-Cell Epitopes Derived from Tumor-Associated Antigens for the Development of Immunotherapy for Cancer
Esteban Celis
Because the immune system has the capacity to recognize and in many cases destroy tumor cells, significant efforts are being devoted to the development of immune-based therapies for cancer. Both cyt...
