Chapter category: Vaccines
DNA Vaccines Against RNA Viruses
DNA Vaccines
Edited by: Hildegund ErtlISBN: 0-306-47444-1
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Chapter authors:
Jeffrey B. Ulmer
DNA vaccines have been used successfully in many animal models of infectious and non‑infectious diseases. The former has included viruses, bacteria, parasites, and other pathogens. However, because virus proteins are expressed by infected cells of the host, DNA vaccines may, in principle, be particularly useful for induction of anti‑viral immunity. Perhaps because of this, and the ready availability of animal models of many viral diseases, most papers published on ìDNA vaccinesî have utilized virus models. Of these papers, slightly more than half have dealt with RNA viruses. Most of the work on DNA vaccines against RNA viruses has focused on a handful of human pathogens (see Table 1), and by far, most of the effort on RNA viruses has been with HIV. DNA vaccines against HIV are covered in a different chapter. However, many other human and animal pathogens also have been investigated as targets for DNA vaccines (see Table 2). This review summarizes the published work on DNA vaccines against several of the most commonly studied RNA virus targets.
Additional chapters from this book:
DNA Vaccines: Safety and Regulatory Issues
Dennis M. Klinman and Herbert A. Smith
Plans to initiate clinical trials involving DNA vaccines prompted the US Food and Drug Administration to examine the safety of this form of vaccination. Concerns were raised that DNA vaccin...
Cytokines and Immunomodulatory Ligands as Genetic Adjuvants
Hildegund C. J. Ertl
Genetic adjuvant is a term for vaccine ingredients composed of expression vectors encoding biologically active molecules such as cytokines, chemokines (detailed in Chapter 15), soluble form...
Immune Responses in Gene Transfer for Genetic Disorders
Denise E. Sabatino and Katherine A. High
Gene transfer is a novel area of therapeutics in which a nucleic acid sequence is the active agent. Transferred in via a gene delivery vehicle, or vector, the donated gene sequence, referre...
DNA Vaccines for Allergic Diseases
Kaw Yan Chua, Betina Wolfowicz and Patrick G. Holt
DNA vaccines have prevented anaphylaxis in several models of murine allergy. The mechanisms of prevention are still unclear. In this chapter we describe different immunization protocols with a...
DNA Vaccines as Cancer Treatment Modalities
Ronald C. Kennedy, Michael H. Shearer and Robert K. Bright
Therapeutic vaccination has recently regained its optimism as a potential immunologic based modality for the treatment of cancer patients. Cancer vaccine based clinical trials are being initia...
Genetic Immunization Against HIV
Britta Wahren, Karl Ljungberg, Anne Kjerrstrˆm Zuber and Bartek Zuber
The HIV virus and its subtypes are spread worldwide. AIDS has become the worldís most threatening infectious disease. The picture of the epidemic has changed: several subtypes and recombina...
DNA Vaccines Against Herpesviruses
Christopher Pack and Barry T. Rouse
Herpesviruses are significant pathogens of mankind, and vaccines of proven efficacy remain unavailable. This review briefly examines the current state of vaccinology against herpesviruses and ...
DNA Vaccines Against RNA Viruses
Jeffrey B. Ulmer
DNA vaccines have been used successfully in many animal models of infectious and non‑infectious diseases. The former has included viruses, bacteria, parasites, and other pathogens. Howev...
Minigene-Based Vaccines for Eliciting CD8+ T Cell Responses
Jonathan W. Yewdell
There is increasing interest in developing vaccines that specifically elicit CD8+ T cell responses. In part this has been driven simply by advances in understanding that make suc...
Induction of B Cells by DNA Vaccines
K. Kilpatrick, M. Sarzotti and G. Kelsoe
Antigen first activates T and B lymphocytes in the T cell areas of secondary lymphoid tissues where cognate‑ and costimulus‑dependent proliferation expands the population of reacti...
Activation of the Innate Immune System by DNA Vaccines
Julie Fitzgerald and Hildegund C. J. Ertl
DNAvaccines were discovered serendipitously by gene therapists attempting to replace missing or faulty genes with bacterial expression vectors. The transgene product was found to elicit an ...
Dendritic Cells: Important Adjuvants During DNA Vaccinati
Ralph M. Steinman, Constantin Bona and Kayo Inaba
Vaccine design focuses on the identification of safe forms of antigen that elicit protective immunity. Adjuvants are also critical for efficacy, especially for inducing strong T cell‑...
Overview of Vaccinology in Historic and Future Perspective: The Whence and Whither of a Dynamic Science with Complex Dimensions
Maurice R. Maurice R. Hilleman
Understanding of the present and future can be aided immensely by acquaintance with a breadth of knowledge of the past. The history of the world records its dread experiences with diseases,...
DNA Vaccines Against Bacterial Pathogens
M.A. Chambers, H.M.Vordermeier, R.G. Hewinson and D.B. Lowrie
Bacterial pathogens against which DNA vaccines are being developed encompass both intracellular and extra-cellular pathogens as well as vaccines against bacterial toxins. DNA vaccination has a...
The Introduction of New DNA Vaccines into Developing Countries
Richard T. Mahoney, Yu-Mei Wen, Henry Wilde and
The development and introduction of new vaccines is a costly and time-consuming process. Unfortunately, those most in needindividuals in developing countriesare the las...
The Use of DNA Vaccines for Neonatal/Early Life Childhood Immunization
Jiri Kovarik, Xavier Martinez, ClaireAnne Siegrist
DNA vaccines could represent a major advancement in the development of novel antigen-delivery systems to be used in early life, although the demonstration of their effi...
Immune Responses to DNA Vaccines: Induction of CD8+
Jens A. Leifert and J. Lindsay Whitton
The importance of CD8+ T cells in the control and eradication of viruses has been demonstrated in mice and men. In the mouse, they are critical in combating ...
Chemokines: Role as Immunomodulators and Potential as Adjuvants for DNA Vaccines
Philip M. Murphy
Adaptive immune responses require proper positioning of antigenpresenting cells (APCs) and antigenspecific lymphocytes in specific microdomains of secondary lymphoid tissue. This process is gu...
DNA Delivery With Attenuated Intracellular Bacteria
Joachim Fensterle and Stefan H.E. Kaufmann
For centuries, intracellular bacteria have been a major cause of death globally. Notably, Mycobacterium tuberculosis killed more than 2 million individuals in 1999 worl...
