Chapter category: Vaccines
Typhoid Vaccines
New Bacterial Vaccines
Edited by: Ronald W. Ellis and Bernard R. BrodeurISBN: 0-306-47832-3
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Chapter authors:
Deborah House and Gordon Dougan
Typhoid fever is a systemic illness caused by infection with the Gram negative bacterium Salmonella enterica sub-species 1 serovar Typhi (S. typhi). Patients with typhoid fever can be broadly divided into two groups, those with ‘mild’ disease (uncomplicated typhoid fever) and those with complications. The signs and symptoms of uncomplicated typhoid fever are relatively nonspecific, and their reported frequency is highly variable. The classic symptoms are pyrexia, headache and abdominal pain or discomfort. Fever rises in a step-wise manner during the first week of illness and can be as high as 40 •C.1,2 The disease is self-limiting in most patients and resolves within 4 – 5 weeks in the absence of chemotherapy.1 Patients given a course of an appropriate antibiotic can recover within a week although weakness and debilitation may persist for several months.3,4 A minority of patients with typhoid fever develop complications, the most severe of which are gastro-intestinal (GI) haemorrhage and perforation of the gut wall.5-7 Perforation is usually at a single site, occurring in the distal ileum in the centre of an ulcer.8 The risk of mortality is substantially higher in patients with typhoid perforation than in those with uncomplicated disease (odds ratio 17.9 (6.27 – 51.18), with death normally associated with the subsequent development of peritonitis.9,10 A minority of typhoid patients who have apparently made a full recovery relapse several days, weeks or months after the initial infection, while another 1-4% of individuals become chronic carriers, i.e., healthy individuals who excrete S. typhi in their urine and faeces for >= 1 year.11
Additional chapters from this book:
Neisseria meningitidis Vaccines
Carl E. Frasch and Margaret C. Bash
Meningococcal disease, both endemic and epidemic, remains a major cause of meningitis in many countries. Protective immunity is mediated primarily by bactericidal antibodies against the capsular pol...
Vaccines against Vibrio cholerae
James D. Campbell and James B. Kaper
Cholera, the acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae serogroups O1 and O139, continues to cause endemic disease and epidemic outbreaks in many parts of the world. The highest incidence of ...
Typhoid Vaccines
Deborah House and Gordon Dougan
Typhoid fever is a systemic illness caused by infection with the Gram negative bacterium Salmonella enterica sub-species 1 serovar Typhi (S. typhi). Patients with typhoid fever can be broadly divide...
New Generation Tuberculosis Vaccines for Targeted Populations
Uli Fruth and Michael J. Brennan
Every year, almost two million HIV-negative individuals die as a consequence of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), and many hundreds of thousands more succumb to tuberculosis as a direct consequence of th...
Streptococcus pneumoniae Vaccines
James C. Paton and David E. Briles
Almost sixty years after the advent of penicillin, Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) continues to cause more deaths from invasive infections (pneumonia, meningitis and bacteremia) than any...
Staphylococcus aureus Vaccine
Jean C. Lee
Staphylococcus aureus is frequently isolated from both hospital-acquired and community-acquired infections, and the emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates has made treatment of s...
Vaccines for Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Gregory P. Priebe and Gerald B. Pier
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes a wide variety of serious infections, particularly in the critically ill,1,2 the immunocompromised,3,4 and those with cystic fibrosis.5 It also causes community-acquire...
A Vaccine for Nontypable Haemophilus influenzae
Allan W. Cripps and Jennelle M. Kyd
Nontypable H. influenzae (NTHI) is a common commensal of the upper respiratory tract residing in both the nasopharynx and the posterior oropharynx. It is one of the leading causative bacterial patho...
Moraxella catarrhalis
Timothy F. Murphy
The recognition of Moraxella catarrhalis in the past two decades as an important human respiratory tract pathogen has stimulated much interest in research on the organism. Recent work has unequivoca...
Lyme Disease Vaccine
Janine Evans and Erol Fikrig
Lyme disease occurs throughout the world. Most cases of Lyme borreliosis are reported from temperate regions and coincide with the distribution of the principal vector, ticks of the Ixodes ricinus c...
Helicobacter pylori Vaccines
Gabriela Garcia and Jacques Pappo
Helicobacter pylori is a motile, Gram negative spiral organism with gastric trophism. Approximately half of the world’s population is infected with H. pylori, and the infection persists for life unl...
Academic Pursuits of Vaccines against Group B Streptococcus
Lawrence C. Paoletti
Today’s welcome declines in the prevalence of early-onset group B Streptococcus (GBS) neonatal disease—due to active surveillance and use of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis 1—may become tomorrow’...
Group A Streptococcus Vaccine Research: Historical Synopsis and New Insights
Sean D. Reid, Kimmo Virtaneva and James M. Musser
Streptococcus pyogenes, commonly referenced to as Lancefield group A Streptococcus (GAS), is a gram positive human pathogen that causes a variety of diseases including pharyngitis, scarlet fever, ne...
A Vaccine for Gonorrhea
P. Frederick Sparling, Christopher E. Thomas and Weiyan Zhu
There is minimal evidence for naturally-acquired immunity to reinfection by the gonococcus. However, recent improvements in understanding the roles in pathogenesis played by a variety of cell surfac...
Escherichia coli Vaccines
Myron M. Levine and Michael S. Donnenberg
Escherichia coli is a component of the normal intestinal flora where it performs physiological functions. However, in immunocompromised hosts or in normal hosts whose anatomical barriers have been d...
Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae Vaccines
Svend Birkelund and Gunna Christiansen
Chlamydia spp. are obligate intracellular Gram negative bacteria with a unique biphasic developmental cycle. C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae most frequently cause human infections. C. trachomatis s...
New Technologies for Bacterial Vaccines
Ronald W. Ellis
Vaccines represent one of the two most effective health-care interventions of the past century. As was the case with the introduction of supplies of clean water, vaccinations with billions of doses ...
Mucosal Immunity
Michael W. Russell
A perceptive reader scanning the Contents of this volume will notice that of 16 bacterial infections covered, only one (Borrelia burgdorferi) is normally delivered transcutaneously by arthropod bite...
Live, Attenuated Salmonella Vaccine Vectors
Sims K. Kochi and Kevin P. Killeen
There were few effective means available for preventing human infectious diseases prior to the beginning of the 19 th century, and millions of people succumbed to smallpo x, cholera, diphtheria, typ...
DNA Vaccines
John J. Donnelly
DNA vaccines have been used widely in laboratory animals and nonhuman primates over the last decade to induce antibody and cellular immune responses. This approach has shown some promise in models o...
Universal Proteins As an Alternative Bacterial Vaccine Strategy
Bernard R. Brodeur, Denis Martin, Stéphane Rioux, Nathalie Charland and Josée Hamel
In the last two decades, discoveries in biological sciences have allowed vaccine research to expand rapidly. Progress in the understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of the immune response to infe...
Genomics and Proteomics in Vaccine Design
John L. Telford, Mariagrazia Pizza, Guido Grandi and Rino Rappuoli
In 1881, Louis Pasteur, the father of bacterial vaccines and immunology, demonstrated publicly the first vaccine against a bacterial infection. His vaccine, against anthrax in sheep, consisted of Ba...
