Role of Autophagy in Developmental Cell Growth and Death: Insights from Drosophila

Thomas P. Neufeld

During development in Drosophila, larvae increase in mass by 1,000-fold over the course of a few days. This high rate of growth is controlled by TOR, a potent regulator of both protein synthesis and...

Ubiquitin-Mediated Vacuolar Sorting and Degradation

David J. Katzmann

Protein sorting within the endosomal system can yield several outcomes. One outcome is sorting into the intralumenal vesicles of a multivesicular body (MVB). MVB formation is required for a number o...

Autophagocytosis and Programmed Cell Death

Wilfried Bursch, Adolf Ellinger, Christopher Gerner and Rolf Schulte-Hermann

In the last decade tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the control of apoptosis by the cytokine/growth factor network of organisms as well as the molecular mechanisms of signal-tr...

Autophagy and Neuromuscular Diseases

Takashi Ueno, Isei Tanida and Eiki Kominami

Autophagy, a process by which bulk cellular proteins are turned over via the lysosomal/ vacuolar system, substantially contributes to the quality control of cytoplasmic components by removing aged o...

Autophagy in Neural Function and Neuronal Death

Aviva M. Tolkovsky

Autophagic activity in the nervous system has long been noted. Autophagy is activated in neurons during development, after injury, and in a range of genetic disorders. At times autophagy coincides w...

Autophagy and Cancer

Norihiko Furuya, Xiao Huan Liang and Beth Levine

Cancer is a complex multigenic disorder involving the perturbation of several different pathways that regulate cell differentiation, cell proliferation and cell survival. In theory, the process of m...

Trafficking of Bacterial Pathogens to Autophagosomes

William A. Dunn, Jr., Brian R. Dorn and Ann Progulske-Fox

Bacteria have evolved a variety of mechanisms to subvert the eukaryotic defenses and survive intracellularly. Many bacterial pathogens have been shown to establish an intracellular niche for surviva...

Autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans

Attila L. Kovács, Tibor Vellai and Fritz Müller

The first detailed morphological description and quantitative data on autophagy in C. elegans show the appearance of autophagic vacuoles in various stages of development in most cell types of wild t...

Autophagy in Plants

Yuji Moriyasu and Daniel J. Klionsky

There is substantial morphological evidence that plants carry out autophagy. Different types of vacuoles such as the vegetative vacuole and protein storage vacuole are present in plant cells. Morpho...

Mammalian Homologues of Yeast Autophagy Proteins

Tamotsu Yoshimori and Noboru Mizushima

Vacuolar Import and Degradation

C. Randell Brown and Hui-Ling Chiang

The gluconeogenic enzyme fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase is rapidly degraded in yeast cells following a shift from low glucose conditions to high glucose conditions. Although the site of degradation has...

Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy

J. Fred Dice, Patrick F. Finn, Amy E. Majeski, Nicholas T. Mesires and Ana Maria Cuervo

Chaperone-mediated autophagy (Cma) is responsible for the degradation of 30% of cytosolic proteins from fibroblasts, hepatocytes and many other cell types during prolonged starvation. All substrate ...

Glucose-Induced Pexophagy in Pichia pastoris

Pouran Habibzadegah-Tari and William A. Dunn, Jr.

Pexophagy is the selective degradation of peroxisomes by the yeast vacuole. In Pichia pastoris, pexophagy occurs when cells adapt from utilizing methanol as the sole carbon source to metabolizing gl...

Microautophagy of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nucleus

David S. Goldfarb

Portions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nucleus are targeted to the vacuole and degraded by “piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus” (Pmn). During Pmn small teardrop-like nuclear envelope bleb...

Microautophagy

Chao-Wen Wang and Daniel J. Klionsky

Micro- and macroautophagy are both processes in which portions of the cytoplasm are non-specifically sequestered, delivered to the lysosome/vacuole, degraded and recycled. The primary morphological ...

Cytoplasm to Vacuole Targeting

Per E. Strømhaug and Daniel J. Klionsky

The cytoplasm to vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway is a biosynthetic membrane transport mechanism for the delivery of the resident enzymes aminopeptidase I (Ape1) and alpha-mannosidase (Ams1) to the v...

Macroautophagy in Yeast

Takeshi Noda and Yoshinori Ohsumi

The discovery of the occurrence of autophagy in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the subsequent isolation of autophagy defective mutants provided the first opportunity to understand the detai...

Regulation of Autophagy by the Target of Rapamycin (Tor) Proteins

Hagai Abeliovich

Administration of the small macrolide antibiotic rapamycin to eukaryotic cells results in physiological responses that mimic nutrient starvation, and in many ways resembles nitrogen starvation. The ...

Regulation of Mammalian Autophagy by Protein Phosphorylation

Michael T.N. Møller, Hamid R. Samari, Lise Holden and Per O. Seglen

Mammalian autophagy is subject to regulation by a variety of protein kinases and phosphatases. Long-term control of autophagic capacity seems to be mediated by transcriptional effect(s) of eIF2• k...

Signaling Pathways in Mammalian Autopathy

Patrice Codogno and Alfred J. Meijer

Macroautophagy is a major catabolic process conserved from yeast to human. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is stimulated by a variety of intracellular and extracellular stress situations includ...

Structural Aspects of Mammalian Autophagy

Monica Fengsrud, Marianne Lunde Sneve, Anders Øverbye and Per O. Seglen

The initial event in mammalian autophagy, triggered, for example, by amino acid starvation, is the sequestration and enclosure of a piece of cytoplasm by one or more specialized membrane cisternae o...

Autophagy: An Overview

Daniel J. Klionsky

Autophagy has been a focus of research for over half a century. Based on the increased number of publications, range of model systems and variety of topics being studied in regard to autophagy, howe...

Autophagocytosis and Programmed Cell Death

Wilfried Bursch, Adolf Ellinger, Christopher Gerner and Rolf Schulte-Hermann

In the last decade tremendous progress has been achieved in understanding the control of apoptosis by the cytokine/growth factor network of organisms as well as the molecular mechanisms of signa...

Selective Degradation of Peroxisomes in the Methylotrophic Yeast Hansenula polymorpha

Jan Kiel and Marten Veenhuis

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles, morphologically characterized by a single membrane that encloses a proteinaceous matrix. These organelles are inducible in nature, and their functional diversi...