Chapter category: Immunology
A Dual Role for Mast Cells in Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions More Team Players in Type 1 T Cell Mediated Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions
Immune Mechanisms of Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Edited by: Andrea CavaniISBN: 1-58706-209-7
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Chapter authors:
Tilo Biedermann and Martin R?cken
Contact hypersensitivity reactions (CHSR) are prototypic delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHR). They are mediated by interferon (IFN)?-producing CD4+ and CD8+, which are called type 1 T cells. Type 1 T cells can lead to the development of CHSR if directed against haptens or to autoimmune diseases when reacting with self antigens. 1-3 In humans, CHSR are T cell mediated skin diseases that display a heterogeneous inflammatory pattern depending on the nature of the contact allergen, the vehicle, and, most importantly, on the T cell and leukocyte subsets involved.4-6 Consequently, the nature of murine and human CHSR as well as the underlying mechanisms are not identical, but share multiple similarities.1,5 The most important common feature is the dependence on infiltrating T cells.1,2,5,7 These effector T cells can directly mount destructive effector functions when activated in the skin.5,8 To induce the full clinical picture of inflammation type 1 effector T cells have to attract and activate other leukocytes or resident cells within the peripheral tissue.2 Several types of leukocytes are involved in extensive inflammation, but the induction of specific T cells that emigrate into the tissues is a necessary prerequisite for the accumulation of the different leukocytes. The exact orchestration leading to the recruitment and activation of the different cell populations in the skin is still unclear. Moreover, the initial events leading to extravasation of type 1 T cells into skin remained enigmatic. Some studies found an important role for a B cell product in CHSR, despite the obligatory role of T cells,9 and morphologic studies suggested that activated mast cells (MC) play a role in human CHSR.10, 11 Recent findings now demonstrate that MC play a critical role both in the initiation and the amplification of CHSR. MC release the initial acute mediators opening the way for type 1 T cells to enter the skin and MC-derived factors later attract leukocytes like polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) in response to T cell-derived signals.2, 12-15 Thus, MC provide the link for the B cell-dependent T cell recruitment and subsequently, MC respond to T cells during CHSR.2,9,15 This chapter will present some of these most recent data on the role of MC in CHSR and discuss mechanisms, relevance, and some consequences of these findings.
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Contact hypersensitivity reactions (CHSR) are prototypic delayed type hypersensitivity reactions (DTHR). They are mediated by interferon (IFN)?-producing CD4+ and CD8+, which are called type 1 T cel...
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