Chapter category: Immunology
Carbohydrate-Based Targets and Vehicles for Cancer and Infectious Diseases Vaccines
Immunobiology of Carbohydrates
Edited by: Simon Y.C. Wong and Gemma ArsequellISBN: 0-306-47844-7
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Chapter authors:
Vasso Apostolopoulos, Magdalena Plebanski and Ian McKenzie
The last decade has seen carbohydrates used not only as targets for effective vaccines against bacteria, but also developed as adjuvants and vaccine carriers for protein antigens for immunotherapy. This chapter focuses on carbohydrate targeting in bacterial and parasitic models for vaccine development, and in the current leading edge technologies for inducing T cells specific to tumor antigens for cancer therapy. This is made possible by the fact that the cells of the immune system, and specifically antigen presenting cells, express carbohydrate receptors which provide both a danger signal to the cell, and deliver protein attached to the carbohydrate for effective processing and presentation to T cells. Examples of such carbohydrate receptors include the mannose and scavenger receptors. The mechanisms by which they lead to effective antigen processing and stimulation of the immune system are also considered.
Additional chapters from this book:
Carbohydrate-Based Targets and Vehicles for Cancer and Infectious Diseases Vaccines
Vasso Apostolopoulos, Magdalena Plebanski and Ian McKenzie
The last decade has seen carbohydrates used not only as targets for effective vaccines against bacteria, but also developed as adjuvants and vaccine carriers for protein antigens for immunotherapy. ...
Antibody Responses to Polysaccharides
Carola G. Vinuesa and Ian C.M. MacLennan
The polysaccharide capsules of Haemophilus influenzae b, pneumococci and meningococci protect these bacteria from innate immune mechanisms. Consequently, antibody responses to these encapsulated...
C-Reactive Protein: Structure, Synthesis and Function
Terry W. Du Clos and Carolyn Mold
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase serum protein in man and a member of the pentraxin family of proteins. The pentraxins are conserved on an evolutionary basis having shared structural f...
Challenges and Opportunities in the Development of New Conjugate Vaccines Against Infectious Diseases
P. Moingeon, M. Moreau and A.A. Lindberg
Chemical conjugation between capsular polysaccharides (CPS) or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and carrier proteins represents a powerful means to create vaccines targeting bacterial carbohydrate anti...
C-Type Lectin and Lectin-Like Receptors in the Immune System
Sally Rogers and Simon Y.C. Wong
Protein-carbohydrate interactions have been shown to mediate a variety of biological ac tivities such as homeostasis and immune responses. Immune activities include pathogen recognition and neutr...
Structural Basis for Mannose-Binding Protein Function in Innate Immunity
Russell Wallis
Mannose-binding protein (MBP) is the first component of the lectin pathway of the complement cascade. It targets pathogens by binding to arrays of sugars on cell surfaces and neutralizes them in...
The Interaction Between Anti-Gal and the a-Gal Epitope as an Immunologic Barrier to Xenotransplantation
Uri Galili
One of the areas in medicine in which anti-carbohydrate immune response plays the major pathophysiologic role is xenotransplantation (i.e., transplantation of pig or other mammalian organs or ce...
CD1-Restricted T Cell Responses Against Microbial Glycolipids
Steven A. Porcelli, Lynn G. Dover and Gurdyal S. Besra
The identification of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I and class II molecules as presenting elements for the recognition of peptide antigens by T cells is one of the most fundamental...
Carbohydrate Recognition Receptors
Philip R. Taylor, Gordon D. Brown, Luisa Martinez-Pomares and Siamon Gordon
This chapter describes the receptors on the surface of antigen presenting cells that have been shown to bind to carbohydrates, including those found on the surface of microbes and viruses, and g...
Toll-Like Receptor: Specificity and Signaling
Osamu Takeuchi, Tsuneyasu Kaisho and Shizuo Akira
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are type I transmembrane proteins consisting of extracellular leucine-rich repeats and a cytoplasmic domain resembling that of the Interleukin 1 receptor. Different TL...
Processing and Presentation of Glycoproteins in the MHC Class I and II Antigen Presentation Pathways
Denise Golgher, Tim Elliott and Mark Howarth
CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are stimulated by peptides bound to MHC class I and II respec- tively. The processing pathways for the generation of class I or class II binding peptides are specialized in ...
The Sialic Acid-Binding Siglec Family
Lars Nitschke and Paul R. Crocker
Siglecs are a group of adhesion receptors with tyrosine-based inhibitory signaling motifs. They are mainly expressed by cells of the hematopoietic system. Recently new members of the Siglec fami...
