Chapter category: Viruses
Leflunomide in Solid Organ Transplantation and Polyoma Virus Infection
Polyomaviruses and Human Diseases
Edited by: Nasimul AhsanISBN: 0-387-29233-0
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Chapter authors:
Michelle A. Josephson, Basit Javaid, Pradeep V. Kadambi, Shane M. Meehan and James W. Williams
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Additional chapters from this book:
Molecular Genetics of the BK Virus
Christopher L. Cubitt
The BK Virus (BKV) genome is a double-stranded, circular DNA molecule with genetic organization similar to other polyomaviruses, and high homology to JC Virus (JCV) and SV40. The archetypal form o...
Transforming Activities of JC Virus Early Proteins
Richard J. Frisque, Catherine Hofstetter and Shiva K. Tyagarajan
Polyomaviruses, as their name indicates, are viruses capable of inducing a variety of tumors in vivo. Members of this family, including the human JC and BK viruses (JCV, BKV), and the better character...
Diagnosis and Treatment of BK Virus-Associated Transplant Nephropathy
Abhay Vats, Parmjeet S. Randhawa and Ron Shapiro
The incidence of polyoma virus infection, particularly that of BK virus (BKV) in kidney transplant recipients has been increasing steadily since early 1990s. The diagnosis is generally made by a ren...
Leflunomide in Solid Organ Transplantation and Polyoma Virus Infection
Michelle A. Josephson, Basit Javaid, Pradeep V. Kadambi, Shane M. Meehan and James W. Williams
Leflunomide, trade name Arava¨ (Aventis Pharmaceuticals Incorporation, Bridgewater, New Jersey, U.S.A.), belongs to a family of drugs called the malonitrilamides. Some, like leflunomide, have substa...
Polyomavirus-Associated Nephropathy in Renal Transplantation: Critical Issues of Screening and Management
Hans H. Hirsch*, Cinthia B. Drachenberg, Juerg Steiger and Emilo Ramos
Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) is an emerging disease in renal transplant patients with variable prevalence of 1-10% and graft loss up to 80%. BK virus (BKV) is the primary etiologic age...
JC Virus Can Infect Human Immune and Nervous System Progenitor Cells:Implications for Pathogenesis
Jean Hou, Pankaj Seth and Eugene O. Major
Recent advances in stem cell biology have called attention to the role these cells may play in the pathogenesis of systemic and nervous system diseases. Although not capable of indefinite self renew...
Latent and Productive Polyomavirus Infections of Renal Allografts: Morphological, Clinical, and Pathophysiological Aspects
Volker Nickeleit, Harsharan K. Singh and Michael J. Mihatsch
Polyomavirus allograft nephropathy, also termed BK virus nephropathy (BKN) after the main causative agent, the polyoma-BK-virus strain, is a major complication following kidney transplantation. BKN ...
Serological Cross Reactivity Between Polyomavirus Capsids
Raphael P. Viscidi and Barbara Clayman
Multiple methods have been used to measure antibodies to polyomavirus virions. In order to have a common method for all polyomaviruses, we developed enzyme im munoassays (EIAs) using virus-like-part...
The Polyomavirus, JCV, and its Involvement in Human Disease
Kamel Khalili, Jennifer Gordon and Martyn K. White
The human neurotropic polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV), is the etiologic agent of progres sive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease of the cen tral nervous system that occ...
Polyomaviruses and Human Diseases
Nasimul Ahsan and Keerti V. Shah
Polyomaviruses are small, nonenveloped DNA viruses, which are widespread in nature. In immunocompetent hosts, the viruses remain latent after primary infection. With few exceptions, illnesses associ...
Urine Cytology Findings of Polyomavirus Infections
Harsharan K. Singh, Lukas Bubendorf, Michael J. Mihatsch, Cinthia Drachenberg and Volker Nickeleit
Polyomaviruses of the BK- and JC-strains often remain latent within the transitional cell layer of the bladder, ureters and the renal pelvis as well as in tubular epithelial cells of the kidney. Sli...
Phylogenomics and Molecular Evolution of Polyomaviruses
Keith A. Crandall, Marcos Perez-Losada, Ryan G. Christensen, David A. McClellan and Raphael P. Viscidi
We provide in this chapter an overview of the basic steps to reconstruct evolutionary relationships through standard phylogeny estimation approaches as well as network approaches for sequences more ...
Human Polyomavirus JC and BK Persistent Infection
Kristina Dorries
Primary contact with the human polyomaviruses (huPyV) is followed by lifelong persistence of viral DNA in its host. The most prominent organs affected are the kidney, the Central Nervous System (CNS...
BK Virus, JC Virus and Simian Virus 40 Infection in Humans, and Association with Human Tumors
Giuseppe Barbanti-Brodano,* Silvia Sabbioni, Fernanda Martini, Massimo Negrini, Alfredo Corallini and Mauro Tognon
BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV) and Simian Virus 40 (SV40) are polyomaviruses, highly homologous at the DNA and protein levels. While the human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV are ubiquitous in humans, SV...
Virus Receptors and Tropism
Aarthi Ashok and Walter J. Atwood
Polyomaviruses are small, tumorigenic, nonenveloped viruses that infect several different species. Interaction of these viruses with cell surface receptors represents the initial step during infecti...
Serological Diagnosis of Human Polyomavirus Infection
Annika Lundstig and Joakim Dillner
Measurement of antibody titres to the human polyomaviruses BK and JC has for many years had to rely on Haemagglutination inhibition. In recent years, viral serology based on virus-like particles (VL...
Immunity and Autoimmunity Induced by Polyomaviruses: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects
Ole Petter Rekvig, Signy Bendiksen and Ugo Moens
In this chapter, polyomaviruses will be presented in an immunological context. Principal observations will be discussed to elucidate humoral and cellular immune responses to different species of the...
Polyomavirus in Human Cancer Development
Winston Lee and Erik Langhoff
In animal studies, polyoma viruses have been found to be viral agents for oncogenesis and to produce a wide range of pathological lesions in experimental animals, including a variety of neoplastic t...
BK Virus and Immunosuppressive Agents
Irfan Agha and Daniel C. Brennan
The last decade has witnessed the introduction of several potent immunosuppressive agents in the field of transplant medicine. Contemporaneously, infection with BK vi rus (BKV) has emerged as an imp...
Pharmacotherapeutic Options for the Management of Human Polyomaviruses
Julie Roskopf, Jennifer Trofe, Robert J. Stratta and Nasimul Ahsan
Polyomaviruses [BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV) and simian virus 40 (SV40)] have been known to be associated with diseases in humans for over thirty years. BKV-associated nephropathy and JCV-induced ...
Discovery and Epidemiology of The Human Polyomaviruses BK Virus (BKV) and JC
Wendy A. Knowles
Although discovered over thirty years ago, many aspects of the epidemiology of BKV and JCV in the general population, such as the source of infectious virus and the mode of transmission, are still u...
BK Virus Infection After Non-Renal Tansplantation
Martha Pavlakis, Abdolreza Haririan, David K. Klassen
Infection with BK virus (BKV), a member of the Polyomavirus (PV) family, is ubiquitous, with the virus remaining in a latent form in the kidney and urinary tract.1.2 This infection is usually asympt...
Transforming Activities of JC Virus Early Proteins
Richard J. Frisque, Catherine Hofstetter and Shiva K. Tyagarajan
Polyomaviruses, as their name indicates, are viruses capable of inducing a variety of tumors in vivo. Members of this family, including the human JC and BK viruses (JCV, BKV), and the better charact...
Epidemiologic Studies of Polyomaviruses and Cancer: Previous Findings, Methodologic Challenges and Future Directions
Dana E.M. Rollison
Polyomavirus infection became the focus of epidemiologic studies of cancer several decades ago, soon after the discovery of simian virus 40 (SV40) in 1960 and its ability to induce tumors in experim...
The Pathobiology of Polyomavirus Virus Infection in Man
Parmjeet Randhawa, Abhay Vats and Ron Shapiro
This article traces the discovery of polyomaviruses and outlines investigations, which shed light on potential modes of transmission of this increasingly important group of human pathogens. The path...
