Chapter category: Autoimmunity
Experimental Models of Mucosal Inflammation
Immune Mechanisms in Inflammatory
Bowel Disease
Edited by: Richard S. Blumberg and Markus F. NeurathISBN: 0-387-30831-8
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Chapter authors:
Warren Strober and Ivan J. Fuss
While studies of models of mucosal inflammation has been a mainstay of IBD research for the past half century, it is only in the last 10-15 years that this kind of study has taken its place as primus inter pares among the many approaches to studying these diseases. The reason this has come about is both simple and complex. It is simple because this period has seen the advent of a myriad of new models that individually and collectively allow the exhaustive exploration of many aspects of IBD that were formerly impossible in any other way. This includes the study of the possible effects of various types of genetic and immunologic abnormalities on disease pathogenesis and disease therapy. It is complex because the full and adequate exploration of these models inevitably requires an ability to apply a sophisticated knowledge of current molecular and cellular methodology to the study of living organisms. As attested to by the material reviewed here, the explosion in our knowledge of IBD derived from models is spectacular. With their use it has been possible to construct the main features of IBD on a detailed immunologic level, to explore the role of the bacterial microflora on disease pathogenesis, and to begin to understand the genetic underpinnings of the human disease. In addition, it has been possible to predict the efficacy of new treatments of the disease. In this chapter we will review the main features of models of mucosal inflammation in three ways. First, we discuss the features of models that characterize the models as a whole and that therefore give rise to over-arching principles of mucosal inflammation that provide a sound basis of the human counterpart diseases. Second, we will consider two types of models (the cell-transfer model and the hapten-induced models) in considerable detail. These models are among those subjected to persistent in-depth study and have thus yielded a substantial fraction of the sum total of knowledge that has been gleaned from the study of all of the models. In addition, these models are among those most extensively studied and together they yield the majority of the insights that can be gleaned from the study of all models. Third and last, we have compiled a comprehensive table of all models of mucosal inflammation so that the models can be appropriately grouped and special insights that can be derived from each model can be briefly stated. While this tripartite approach should be very adequate in giving the reader a strong inkling of the models field, the reader is also encouraged to consult other recent reviews of this area including: Annual Review of Immunology191 and Nature Immunology Review.16
Additional chapters from this book:
Recent Progress in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics
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One approach toward understanding the pathophysiology of Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is through genetic linkage and association studies. These approaches have provided suppo...
Microbial and Dietary Factors in the Pathogenesis of Chronic, Immune-Mediated Intestinal Inflammation
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Although genetic background is an important prerequisite for Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and experiment intestinal inflammation, yet to be identified environmental factors profoundly i...
The Role of Probiotics and Antibiotics in Regulating Mucosal Inflammation
Rainer Duchmann
Antibiotic and probiotic agents have increasingly moved in the focus of basic and clinical research as well as clinical trials for IBD therapy. Both approaches modulate the intestinal flora, the forme...
From Immunogenic Mechanisms to Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Martin H. Holtmann and Markus F. Neurath
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are the two most common forms of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The etiology of IBD is still unclear and should be considered as multi-fac...
Multiparameter Analysis of Immunogenetic Mechanisms in Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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The integrity of the intestinal mucosa depends on a functional coordination of the epithelium, lumenal microorganisms, and the local immune system. The mammalian immune system is superbly organized fo...
Role of Mast Cells and Eosinophils in Neuroimmune Interactions Regulating Mucosal Inflammatory in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Stephan C. Bischoff and Thomas Gebhardt
The nervous and the immune systems are the body’s “supersystems” permanently sensing, processing and responding to changes of the external and internal micro- and macro-environment. Together, bo...
The B-Cell System in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Per Brandtzaeg, Hege S. Carlsen and Trond S. Halstensen
Secretory immunity is the best-defined part of the mucosal immune system. This adaptive humoral defense mechanism depends on a fine-tuned cooperation between secretory epithelia and local plasma c...
Alterations of T Lymphocytes in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Charles O. Elson, Yingzi Cong and Casey T. Weaver
The intestine contains an abundance of cells of the innate and acquired immune system, and among these T cells represent a major component. Intestinal T cells are distributed among the various com...
Structure and Function of the Gut Mucosal Immune System
Reinhard Pabst and Hermann J. Rothkötter
For many decades immune reactions have been classified as humoral and cellular, innate and acquired, and the essential cells for protective and tolerogenic reactions were at first subdivided into ...
Overview of Role of the Immune System in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Thomas T. MacDonald and Giovanni Monteleone
Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are caused by the over-activity of the immune system. Current and novel therapies are designed to dampen these over-active responses. Analysis of t...
Functional Aspects of the Mucosal Immune System
Cathryn Nagler-Anderson
The mucosal immune system is faced with a daunting challenge. It must quickly and efficiently protect the epithelial barrier from invasion by microbes while avoiding a response to antigenic stimuli fr...
Alterations of Mesenchymal and Endothelial Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Claudio Fiocchi, Kenji Ina, Silvio Danese, Andre’ Z.A. Leite and Jon D. Vogel
The pathogenesis of complex chronic diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can no longer be viewed as a one-way street in which classical immune cells have exclusive control over the initiatio...
The Role of the Epithelial Barrier in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Edward E.S. Nieuwenhuis and Richard S. Blumberg
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with two distinct disorders of unknown etiology, Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Both diseases are c...
Experimental Models of Mucosal Inflammation
Warren Strober and Ivan J. Fuss
While studies of models of mucosal inflammation has been a mainstay of IBD research for the past half century, it is only in the last 10-15 years that this kind of study has taken its place as primus ...
Involvement of Dendritic Cells in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Francisco Leon, Lesley E. Smythies, Phillip D. Smith and Brian L. Kelsall
Dendritic cells (DC) are antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with unique properties that allow them to efficiently process antigens and activate naïve T cells. Mucosal DCs have a particular capacity to i...
