Chapter category: Tissue Engineering
Bioinertness: An Outdated Principle
Tissue Engineering of Vascular Prosthetic Grafts
Edited by: Peter ZillaISBN: 1-57059-549-6
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Chapter authors:
David F. Williams
Biomaterials have been with us for the majority of the twentieth century. Their nature has evolved during this time, and the applications for which they have been used have increased in complexity and diversity. However, for much of this time, the functions required of these materials and the performance parameters of the medical devices in which they have been used have been relatively straightforward and largely confined to mechanical and physical characteristics. The selection and design of biomaterials have therefore been similarly constrained by the conventional engineering concepts underlying these applications. During the last few years the situation has changed quite radically as new concepts and new treatment modalities have required a fundamental reappraisal of the scientific principles upon which biomaterials science are based. Nowhere is this seen more vividly than in the use of biomaterials for implantable devices within the cardiovascular system, and specifically in relation to the application of tissue engineering concepts in reconstructive vascular surgery. In this chapter we attempt to provide a rationale for this fundamental change and to demonstrate the pivotal role of surface reactivity in the products and devices of the future.
Additional chapters from this book:
Neointimal Hyperplasia in Small Diameter Prosthetic Vascular Grafts: Influence of Endothelial Cell Seeding with Microvascular Omental Cells in a Canine Model
Miralem Pasic, Werner Müller-Glauser, Marko Turina
The ideal vascular graft should be biocompatible, resistant to infection, nonthrombogenic, easy to suture, and most important, durable. Unfortunately, none of the existing prosthetic vascular ...
Functional Aspects of Microvascular Cell Isolates
M. Fittkau, Teddy Fischlein
Because of the limited availability of autologous venous endothelium for transplantation onto vascular implants, microvascular cells from human subcutaneous fat tissue were first used for the ...
Transplantation of Transduced Smooth Muscle Cells: A Vehicle for Local and Systemic Gene Therapy
Randolph L. Geary, Alexander W. Clowes, Monika M. Clowes
Since the advent of techniques to introduce recombinant DNA into mammalian tissues, a new science of gene transfer has emerged with broad application throughout the life sciences.1-3
Use of Hydroxypropylchitosan Acetate as a Carrier for Growth Factor Release
Keiko Yamamura, Toshitaka Nabeshima, Tsunehisa Sakurai
The application of autogenous vein in vascular replacement shows high patency rates as compared to that of prosthetic vascular graft, because vascular endothelial cells possess anti-thrombo...
Cell-Extracellular Matrix Interactions Relevant to Vascular Tissue Engineering
Stephen P. Massia
The interaction between cells and extracellular surfaces plays a major role in determining cellular behavior in tissues and on biomaterials. These interactions modulate many aspects of cell be...
Artificial Extracellular Matrix Proteins for Graft Design
Alyssa Panitch, David A. Tirrell
More than 500,000 vascular grafts are implanted annually in the United States.1 Although large diameter grafts implanted in regions of high blood flow remain patent for many year...
In Vivo Synthesis of Organs Using Collagen-GAG Copolymers
Ioannis V. Yannas
As practiced today, the methodology of tissue engineering emphasizes the reconstruction of tissues and organs. Such reconstructive activity may be either induced to take place inside the ho...
Hydrogels in Biological Control During Graft Healing
Jeffrey A. Hubbell
Hydrogels are polymeric materials that imbibe a large fraction of water and yet remain intact, not dissolving even given an infinite period of time. These materials are formed from polymer cha...
Covalent Grafting of RGD Peptides to Synthetic Surfaces
Nina M.K. Lamba, S.L. Cooper
Fabric materials were first used as vascular prostheses in the 1950s, when Voorhees et al implanted a polymeric vascular graft manufactured from vinyl chloride and acrylonitrile.1 S...
Surface Bonding of Heparin
Patrick T. Cahalan
In the early 1960s Hufnagel began experiments to form "autogenized" vascular prostheses.1 This was accomplished by implanting a Teflon rod containing a loosely woven Dacron or polyp...
Microgroove Driven Tissue Ingrowth
Edwin T. Den Braber, John A. Jansen
During the last two decades the availability and application of medical implants has increased dramatically. This concerns a broad variety of medical implants ranging from knee prostheses to i...
The Influence of Porosity and Surface Roughness on Biocompatibility
J.M. Schakenraad, K.H. Lam
Vascular prostheses might solve a lot of clinical problems, if only they would "do their job" in a functional way. Functional in this respect includes: nonthrombogenicity; compliance, diame...
Biodegradable Materials
K.J.L. Burg, S.W. Shalaby
Absorbable materials are unique as implants, in that they are absorbed and excreted from the body at the conclusion of their functional period, thus alleviating the expense and potential co...
Bioresorbable Grafts: A Counterintuitive Approach
David Fox, David A. Vorp, Howard P. Greisler
This chapter reviews the use of bioresorbable materials in vascular grafting. First, the theoretical basis for the use of bioresorbable materials is presented. Next, the various materials a...
Biophilic Polymers: What's on the Horizon?
Patrick T. Cahalan
This chapter was outlined for a section of this book entitled 'Bio-Interactive' Prostheses, and was further subdivided to a section including biostable polymers/materials. The other chapter...
Biostable Polymers as Durable Scaffolds for Tissue Engineered Vascular Prostheses
Arthur J. Coury
The successful implementation of any medical device requires a systematic development process from concept through use in humans. Rigorous quality systems and design controls are now mandat...
Bioinert Biomaterials: Are Their Properties Irreplaceable?
Patrick T. Cahalan
In 1955 Sewell and colleagues1 performed a study comparing ovine and bovine sources of catgut sutures in three animal models. The objective of the study was to quantitatively com...
Bioinertness: An Outdated Principle
David F. Williams
Biomaterials have been with us for the majority of the twentieth century. Their nature has evolved during this time, and the applications for which they have been used have increased in comple...
An Integral Mathematical Approach to Tissue Engineering of Vascular
Greg R. Starke, A.S. Douglas, D.J. Conway
The development of neointimal hyperplasia near the anastomosis of small diameter grafts has been positively linked to changes in the arterial fluid dynamics. Graft materials such as woven D...
Mechanical Forces and Cell Differentiation
Ira Mills, Bauer E. Sumpio
Our laboratory and others have been rigorously studying the influence of mechanical forces on vascular cell biology. It has been our contention that static conditions commonly utilized to stud...
Endothelial Cells Transformed from Fibroblasts During Angiogenesis
Takashi Fujiwara, Kazunori Kon
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is of fundamental importance for several physiological and pathological processes. It occurs, as is well known, during organ development, w...
Transdifferentiation and the Vascular Wall
William A. Beresford
The solidity of the idea of a continent hindered accepting that continents move and change. Likewise, the long-accumulated robust bases for defining tissue and cell identities obliged one to d...
Cellular Population of the Textured-Surface Left Ventricular Assist Devices Leads to Sustained Activation of a Procoagulant and Proinflammatory Systemic Response
Talia B. Spanier, Ann Marie Schmidt, Mehmet C. Oz
The use of LVAD technology has a potentially critical role in the management of patients with end-stage cardiac failure.1-6 The ability of this device to enhance left ventricular fu...
Surface Population with Blood-Borne Cells
William P. Hammond
The developmental biology of blood vessels has long been believed to consist of two phases. The first, vasculogenesis, is the development during embryologic life of the original precursors to ...
Circulating Stem Cells: A Fourth Source for the Endothelialization of Cardiovascular Implants
Willie R. Koen
An endothelialized blood-contacting surface remains the key to long term cardiovascular implants. The source for this endothelium could be either the intima of the adjacent a...
Extracellular Matrix Effect on Endothelial Control of Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Matrix Synthesis
Richard J. Powell
Intimal hyperplasia remains the most common cause of early failure following angioplasty and bypass surgery.1,2 Intimal hyperplasia is a particularly prevalent problem in small d...
Extracellular Matrix Proteins Are Potent Agonists of Human Smooth Muscle Cell Migration
Terry L. Kaiura, K. Craig Kent
The current treatments of atherosclerotic occlusive disease are multiple and include by-pass, endarterectomy, and angioplasty. Unfortunately, the long term success of these interventions is...
Collagen Matrices Attenuate Fibroblast Response to TGF-b
Richard R. Clark, John M. McPherson
Following loss of soft tissue, fibroblasts proliferate and produce an initially loose-weave provisional matrix which is heavily vascularized and which contains fibronectin, hyaluronate, and...
How Does Extracellular Matrix Control Capillary Morphogenesis?
Robert B. Vernon, E. Helene Sage
The blood vascular system has evolved a significant capacity for change. During embry-onic and fetal life, the vasculature increases in quantity and complexity to serve developing tissues and ...
Role of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator (uPA) in In Vitro Angiogenesis in Fibrin Matrices
Pieter Koolwijk, Victor W.M. van Hinsbergh
Tissue repair-associated angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones, usually involves cell invasion into a fibrin structure and the presence of inflammator...
Fibroblast Growth Factors in Angiogenesis and Tissue Engineering
Karin A. Blumofe, Timothy J. Heilizer, Paula K. Shireman, Howard P. Greisler
The main treatment for arterial occlusive disease has become reconstruction. This involves utilizing a graft, either in the form of a vein or synthetic material. These treatments have been ...
Polypeptide Growth Factors with a Collagen Binding Domain: Their Potential for Tissue Repair and Organ Regenearation
Bo Han, Lynn L.H. Huang, David Cheung, Fabiola Cordoba, Marcel Nimni
Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering to the life sciences, with the aim of developing biological subs...
Angiogenesis in Tissues and Vascular Grafts
Paula K. Shireman, Howard P. Greisler
Angiogenesis is a cellular process that starts during embryogenesis and continues throughout the life of the organism. It is defined as the formation of new blood vessels by a process of sp...
Adhesion Molecules: Potent Inducers of Endothelial Cell Chemotaxis
Zoltan Szekanecz, Alisa E. Koch
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays an important role in a number of physiological processes including development and tissue repair. Thus, it may also be involved in th...
Signaling Mechanisms for Vascular Cell Migration
Ian Zachary
It is increasingly recognized that migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from the media is a key event in progressive intimal thickening leading to atherosclerosis and other occlusi...
Cell Cycle Interruption to Inhibit Intimal Hyperplasia
Michael J. Mann, Ruediger C. Braun-Dullaeus, Victor J. Dzau
Neointimal hyperplasia is the hallmark of occlusive vascular graft disease. It is largely responsible for the primary failures of up to 30% of infrainguinal grafts within two years, and it ...
Pathobiology of Hyperplastic Intimal Responses
Erik L. Owens, Alexander W. Clowes
Understanding the pathologic response of blood vessels to injury remains a primary research focus of the vascular surgeon and vascular biologist. In addition to learning more about the prim...
The Accumulation of Inflammatory Mediators: A Target for the Prevention of Fibrosis
John Zagorski, Sharon M. Wahl
The primary purpose of the mammalian immune response is to eliminate foreign objects from the body. Most typically, immune surveillance is directed against pathogenic microorganisms that have ...
Molecular Determinants of Acute Inflammatory Responses to Biomaterials
Liping Tang, John W. Eaton
Despite the fact that most biomaterials are inert, nontoxic and nonimmunogenic, bioma-terial implants often cause adverse reactions. Typically, shortly after implantation, biomaterial surfa...
Inflammatory Reaction: The Nemesis of Implants
James M. Anderson
Nemesis is the Greek goddess of retributive justice or vengeance. Thus, the term "nemesis" has been used to identify one that inflicts retribution or vengeance. Alternatively, nemesis has been...
In Vitro Endothelialization of Synthetic Vascular Grafts in Long Term Clinical Use
Manfred Deutsch, Teddy Fischlein, Johann Meinhart, Peter Zilla
Primary patency of synthetic vascular grafts varies between 30% and 55%, whereas it is between 68% and 85% for autologous reversed saphenous vein grafts after 5 years of implantation.1-3
In Vitro Endothelialization Elicits Tissue Remodeling Emulating Native Artery Structures
Manfred Deutsch, Johann Meinhart, Peter Zilla
In humans, the retrieval of samples from cardiovascular implants is a rare event. Therefore, it is almost impossible to evaluate the long term healing pattern of cardiovascular prostheses. ...
Adhesion Molecule Expression Following In Vitro Lining
Caroline Gillis-Hægerstrand
The possibility that human ECs can be seeded on vascular prosthetic grafts to create a "look-alike" to the natural blood vessel is intriguing. The new field of tissue engineering has awaken...
Risk Factors for Autologous Endothelial Cell Cultures
Johann Meinhart, Manfred Deutsch, Peter Zilla
The history of cell culture started over a hundred years ago, when Wilhelm Roux showed in 1885 that embryonic cells can survive outside the animal body. Since then the knowledge of how to cult...
Serial Cultivation of Human Endothelial Cells
Caroline Gillis-Hægerstrand, Anders Hægerstrand
Understanding of the tremendous capabilities of the endothelial cell has grown considerably during the last decades. The use of cell culture techniques has been instrumental in this develop...
In Vitro Endothelialization: Its Contribution Towards an Ideal Vascular Replacement
Peter Zilla
Every era in medicine has been driven by one particular discipline which recognized an exciting new development occurring outside its own sphere as an opportunity for a quantum leap. Although ...
Human Clinical Trials of Microvascular Endothelial Cell Sodding
Stuart K. Williams
While advances in clinical vascular surgery have resulted in significant progress in the treatment of vascular diseases, a significant frustration has been the inability to sustain the pate...
Healing Patterns Following Microvascular Seeding—A Clinical Evaluation of Microvascular-Seeded A-V Access Grafts
Steven P. Schmidt, Sharon O. Meerbaum, Duane L. Donovan
The need for a more successful artificial bypass graft to replace small and medium-diameter blood vessels remains an important issue in vascular surgery. Approximately 600,000 patients require arteria...
Automated Seeding Devices
Dominic Dodd, J. Vincent Smyth, Michael G. Walker
Almost as soon as the application of endothelial seeding to enhance graft patency was recognized, groups started to develop techniques and equipment to facilitate the process. The requirements of an i...
Morphological Aspects of Microvascular Cell Isolates
Manuela Vici
The lack of spontaneous endothelialization after implantation of small caliber vascular grafts in humans has made the lining of the prosthetic surface with endothelial cells advisable in or...
Microvascular Endothelial Cell Transplantation: A Review
Stuart K. Williams
The development of an endothelial cell lining on the lumenal surface of vascular implants (e.g., peripheral vascular grafts, arteriovenous fistulas, coronary artery bypass grafts) ...
Surface Precoating in the 1990s: The Fine Tuning of Endothelial Cell Transplantation
Mark M. Samet, Victor V. Nikolaychik, Peter I. Lelkes
Each year 900,000 people in the USA alone suffer from arterial disorders requiring some form of surgical intervention. Over half of these procedures involve peripheral reconstructi...
Surface Precoating in the 1980s: A First Taste of Cell-Matrix Interactions
J. Vincent Smyth, Michael G. Walker
Technical difficulties and the frequent lack of available saphenous vein for peripheral arte-rial reconstruction resulted in the development of a variety of prosthetic materials fr...
Endothelial Cell
Steven P. Schmidt, Gary L. Bowlin
The field of Tissue Engineering offers the promise of further elucidating and clarifying the interactions between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. This understanding is c...
Noncompliance: The Silent Acceptance of a Villain
Alexander M. Seifalian, Alberto Giudiceandrea, Thomas Schmitz-Rixen, George Hamilton
Arterial occlusive disease is a problem of epidemic proportions in our aging society with increasing need for vascular reconstructive surgery.1 The best results are achi...
The Lack of Healing in Conventional Vascular Grafts
Lester Davids, Terri Dower, Peter Zilla
Seldom has any prosthetic implant become the nemesis of so many manufacturers as small diameter synthetic vascular grafts. In the era of microsphere-encapsulated cell transplants a...
