Chapter category: RNA
NMD in Plants
Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay
Edited by: Lynne E. MaquatISBN: 1-58706-296-8
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Chapter authors:
Ambro van Hoof* and Pamela J. Green
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) appears to be widespread in the plant kingdom. Numerous studies have documented a correlation between the presence of premature termination codons (PTCs) and a decrease in mRNA abundance for a variety of genes and in a large number of flowering plants. Examples include the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene in soybean, the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) gene in common bean, the waxy gene in rice and wheat, the AUX1 and FAD7 genes in Arabidopsis, the Chs gene in petunia, the Xantha-f gene in barley, and the Fed-1 gene in tobacco.1-10 Therefore, NMD appears to be a general feature of not only animals (see chapter by Maquat) and fungi (see chapter by Baker and Parker) but also plants. Animals and fungi diverged from each other after they diverged from plants. Thus, any features in common between plants and either animals or fungi are likely ancestral features. Where animals and fungi differ, plants can provide insight into the evolutionary origin of these differences. In this review we will summarize the evidence for NMD in plants, and will highlight some of the cases where plants provide additional insight not available through studies of fungi and animals.
Additional chapters from this book:
NMD in Caenorhabditis elegans
Philip Anderson
Loss-of-function mutations affecting seven different genes eliminate nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Three of these genes (smg-2, smg-3, and smg-4) are orthologs of ...
NMD and the Evolution of Eukaryotic Gene Structure
Michael Lynch,* Xin Hong, and Douglas G. Scofield
All cells are confronted with undesirable transcripts derived from mutant alleles, but the production of aberrant transcripts from otherwise normal DNA may be an even greater challenge. The substa...
Regulation of Gene Expression by Coupling of Alternative Splicing and NMD
David A.W. Soergel, Liana F. Lareau and Steven E. Brenner
Most human genes exhibit alternative splicing, but not all alternatively spliced transcripts produce functional proteins. Computational and experimental results indicate that roughly a third of reliab...
NMD and Human Disease
Jill A Holbrook, Gabriele Neu-Yilik, Matthias W. Hentze and Andreas E. Kulozik
We discuss in this chapter how nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) affects the expression of human genetic diseases resulting from premature termination codons (PTCs) by considering how NMD alters ...
NMD in Drosophila: A Snapshot into the Evolution of a Conserved mRNA Surveillance Pathway
Isabelle Behm-Ansmant and Elisa Izaurralde
Eukaryotic gene expression involves a number of interlinked post-transcriptional steps that are subject to surveillance or quality control mechanisms to ensure that only fully processed and error-...
Role of SMG-1-Mediated Phosphorylation of Upf1 in NMD
Akio Yamashita, Isao Kashima and Shigeo Ohno
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) in higher eukaryotes requires the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of Upf1, an RNA helicase. Recent studies suggest that sequential phosphorylation and dephosph...
All Termination Events Are Not Equal: Premature Termination in Yeast Is Aberrant and Triggers NMD
Nadia Amrani and Allan Jacobson
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is triggered by premature translation termination, but the features distinguishing that event from normal termination are unknown. One model for NMD in yeast sug...
Therapies of Nonsense-Associated Diseases
Kim M. Keeling, Ming Du and David M. Bedwell
A large number of diseases are caused by premature stop mutations that often lead to a complete loss of protein function and a severe reduction in mRNA levels due to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NM...
Endogenous Substrates of the Yeast NMD Pathway
Feng He and Allan Jacobson
The existence of a pathway that promotes rapid decay of nonsense-containing mRNAs raises the question of whether the substrates of this pathway are restricted to aberrant mRNAs. Additional substra...
S. cerevisiae Est1/H. sapiens SMG6 Protein Family Members Function in Telomere Metabolism
Claus M. Azzalin, Sophie Redon and Joachim Lingner
Telomeres define the physical ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They protect chromosome termini from being recognized as damage-induced DNA breaks. Telomeric DNA sequences consist of short tandem G-rich...
Upf1 Regulates Mammalian Histone mRNA Decay
Handan Kaygun and William F. Marzluff
Metazoan replication-dependent histone mRNAs are the only eukaryotic mRNAs that do not end in a poly(A) tail. Instead, they end in a conserved stem-loop structure. The half-lives of histone mRNAs ar...
NMD in Plants
Ambro van Hoof* and Pamela J. Green
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) appears to be widespread in the plant kingdom. Numerous studies have documented a correlation between the presence of premature termination codons (PTCs) and a decre...
Human Upf Proteins in NMD
Guramrit Singh and Jens Lykke-Andersen
The human Upf (hUpf) proteins work at the core of the nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway. The three hUpf proteins, hUpf1, hUpf2 and hUpf3, form the hUpf complex, which is critical for the re...
Nonsense-Associated Altered Splicing
Zuo Zhang and Adrian R. Krainer
Frameshift and nonsense mutations can influence several aspects of gene expression, including mRNA stability and splicing fidelity. The mechanisms through which premature termination codons (PTCs) c...
Features of Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Kristian E. Baker and Roy Parker
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an evolutionarily conserved cellular mechanism that reduces errors in eukaryotic gene expression by eliminating mRNAs that undergo aberrant translation terminatio...
The SMG-1 Kinase: At the Crossroads of mRNA Surveillance and Stress Response Pathways
Robert T. Abraham and Vasco Oliveira
The SMG-1 kinase is the newest member of an unusual family of protein serine-threonine kinases that have catalytic domains bearing significant similarity to those of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases...
NMD and the Immune System
Jayanthi P. Gudikote and Miles F. Wilkinson
The immune system is a surveillance mechanism that recognizes improper substances outside host cells. Signature components of microorganisms, including their proteins and unique modifications of t...
Staufen1-Mediated mRNA Decay: A Upf1-Dependent Pathway
Yoon Ki Kim and Lynne E. Maquat
In mammalian cells, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) degrades mRNAs that terminate translation sufficiently upstream of a post-splicing exon junction complex (EJC) of proteins. Components of the...
NMD in Mammalian Cells: A History
Lynne E. Maquat
Premature termination codons (PTCs) that are caused by either frameshift or nonsense mutations have long been known to decrease mRNA half-life by a process that is called nonsense-mediated mRNA de...
Physiologic Substrates and Functions for Mammalian NMD
Neda A. Sharifi and Harry C. Dietz
Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) is ubiquitous among eukaryotes. While this degree of conservation certainly attests to strong evolutionary pressure for maintenance of this function, the mechanistic ba...
