Chapter category: Immunology

Pattern Recognition in Phagocytic Clearance of Altered Self

This chapter appears in the following book:

Target Pattern Recognition in Innate Immunity

Edited by: Uday Kishore
ISBN: TBA
» Get more information about this book at landesbioscience.com «

Chapter authors:
Yoshinobu Nakanishi, Peter M. Henson and Akiko Shiratsuchi

[+] view image

Cells that are unnecessary or harmful to our body emerge in substantial numbers through- out our life. Such “unwanted” cells need to be promptly and selectively removed for tissue homeostasis to be maintained. Most of those cells are induced to undergo physiologic cell death, i.e., apoptosis, and subsequently eliminated by phagocytosis. Target selectivity in this phagocytosis reaction comes from the specific cell-cell interaction between phagocytes and dying cells. The surface structure of apoptotic cells is altered during the death pathway so that they become pattern recognizable as “altered self” by phagocytes, and such surface structures are sometimes called ACAMPs for apoptotic cell-associated molecular patterns. ACAMPs arise either from the exofacial exposure of endogenous molecules or the modification of preexisting surface molecules. Pattern-recognizing phagocytosis receptors present at the surface of phagocytes specifically bind, either directly or indirectly with an aid of bridge molecules, to ACAMPs and transmit signals to induce phagocytosis of bound apoptotic cells. Phagocytes often evoke subsequent actions, rather than simply digesting engulfed apoptotic cells, for a finer tuning of tissue homeostasis. In contrast, precise mechanisms and consequences of cells undergoing nonapoptotic death, i.e., necrosis or autophagy-related death, are less well understood.

» Access chapter for $19

Additional chapters from this book:

Lessons from the Fly: Pattern Recognition in Drosophila melanogaster

Subhamoy Pal and Louisa P. Wu

Drosophila have a variety of innate immune strategies for defending itself from infection, including humoral and cell mediated responses to invading micro- organisms. At the front lines of these ...

Pattern Recognition by Pentraxins

Alok Agrawal, Prem Prakash Singh, Barbara Bottazzi, Cecilia Garlanda and Alberto Mantovani

Pentraxins are a family of evolutionarily conserved pattern-recognition proteins that are made up of five identical subunits. Based on the primary structure of the subunit, the pentraxins are di...

Pattern Recognition in Phagocytic Clearance of Altered Self

Yoshinobu Nakanishi, Peter M. Henson and Akiko Shiratsuchi

Rho GTPases in Lipid Metabolism

Maikel P. Peppelenbosch

I come as no surprise that the two processes are highly interconnected. For instance PI3-kinase-generated phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol biphosphates act upstream of Cdc42 and Ra...

The RhoGTPase in Tumor Invasion

Arthur M. Mercurio

The progression from benign disease to invasive carcinoma is a complex and dynamic process that involves profound changes in the adhesive interactions and cytoskeletal organization of premalignant c...

Cell-Cell Adhesion

Vania M.M. Braga and Martha Betson

Cell-cell adhesion is an essential process for tissue architecture. During development and differentiation, intercellular adhesion provides a selective way for choosing like-neighbours and spati...

The RhoGTPase in Tumor Invasion

Arthur M. Mercurio

The progression from benign disease to invasive carcinoma is a complex and dynamic process that involves profound changes in the adhesive interactions and cytoskeletal organization of premaligna...

Immune Recognition of Plasmodium-Infected Erythrocytes

Damien V. Cordery and Britta C. Urban

Over 40% of the world’s population is currently at risk of exposure to malaria with children being at greatest risk of developing severe disease1 and it is estimated that between 1.5 and 3 milli...

Macrophage Pattern Recognition Receptors in Immunity, Homeostasis and Self Tolerance

Subhankar Mukhopadhyay, Annette Plüddemann and Siamon Gordon

Macrophages, a major component of innate immune defence, express a large reper- toire of different classes of pattern recognition receptors and other surface antigens which determine the immunolo...

Pattern Recognition by Toll-Like Receptors

Stefan Bauer, Thomas Müller and Svetlana Hamm

The mammalian immune system senses pathogens through pattern recognition receptors and responds with activation. The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that are expressed on antigen presenting cells suc...

NOD-Like Receptors-Pivotal Guardians of the Immunological Integrity of Barrier Organs

Philip Rosenstiel and Stefan Schreiber

NOD-like receptors (NLRs) exert pivotal roles in innate immunity as sensors of exogenous or endogenous cellular danger signals. The NLR protein family has a characteristic domain architecture comprisi...

Humoral Pattern Recognition Molecules: Mannan-Binding Lectin and Ficolins

Steffen Thiel and Mihaela Gadjeva

Complement activation is induced by a variety of pathogens and their ligands and proceeds through a series of enzymatic reactions that lead to the formation of lytic membrane attack complex (MAC) form...

Toll-Like Receptors and NOD-Like Receptors: Domain Architecture and Cellular Signalling

Tanja Langefeld, Walid Mohamed, Rohit Ghai and Trinad Chakraborty

The innate immune system forms the first line of defense against pathogens. The Toll-like receptors and the Nod-like receptors are at the forefront of both extracellular and intra- cellular patho...

Structural Basis of Pattern Recognition by Innate Immune Molecules

Eamon P. McGreal

The importance of the innate immune system as a first line defence against pathogenic challenge has long been recognised. Over the last decade the identity of many of the key molecules mediating i...

Chapter category: Immunology

Pattern Recognition in Phagocytic Clearance of Altered Self

Additional chapters from this book:

SIGN IN