Chapter category: Atherosclerosis
Cytokine–Activated Target Cells in Atherogenesis: The Endothelial
Edited by: Ming K. Heng
ISBN:
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Chapter authors:
Ming K. Heng and Madalene C.Y. Heng
Cell–mediated immunity involving activated lymphocytes and macrophages is believed to play a significant role in atherogenesis. A variety of cytokines secreted by both activated lymphocytes and macrophages, including IL–1 and TNF and IFNg, have been detected within atherosclerotic arteries (Kishikawa et al, 1993); Tipping and Hancock 1993). These cytokines are capable of activating cells normally constituent in the vascular system, resulting in the alteration of their phenotype, behavior, gene expression and transcriptional regulation of these cytokine–activated target cells. Of the many types of constituent cells found in the arterial intima and media, the endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts are the predominant species. Activation of endothelial cells by cytokines, growth factors and chemokines produced by activated macrophages, lymphocytes and platelets result in altered properties of the activated endothelium, which predispose to the formation of platelet thrombi and accumulation of inflammatory cells at sites of vascular stress. In this Chapter, we detail how these altered properties of vascular endothelium contribute to the atherosclerotic process.
Additional chapters from this book:
Mechanisms of T Lymphocyte Activation: Role in Atherogenesis
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Activated T lymphocytes are believed to play regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Significant numbers of activated T lymphocytes, colocalized with macrophages, are present ...
Antigen Recognition by gd T–Cells:
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Activated T lymphocytes are an integral part of atherosclerotic plaques, and recent observations suggest that they play a role in the inflammatory response in atherogenesis (Gown et...
Antigen Recognition by gd T–Cells:
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Activated T lymphocytes are an integral part of atherosclerotic plaques, and recent observations suggest that they play a role in the inflammatory response in atherogenesis (Gown et...
Mechanisms of T Lymphocyte Activation: Role in Atherogenesis
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Activated T lymphocytes are believed to play regulatory roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Significant numbers of activated T lymphocytes, colocalized with macrophages, are present ...
The Activated Macrophage: Role in Atherogenesis
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Macrophages are found in lesions of atherosclerosis at all stages of lesion development, where they are best known for their ability to accumulate lipids, forming foam cells in atherosclerotic...
Homing Mechanisms of Lymphocytes: Role of Adhesion Molecules and
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The recruitment of activatedTlymphocytes in early lesions of atherosclerosis supports the concept that these cells are involved in atherogenesis (Tsukada et al, 1986; Munro et al 1987; Xu et a...
Cytokine Activated Target Cells in Atherogenesis: The Vascular
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Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells is an integral component of the thickened intima in atherosclerotic and restenotic arteries (Schwartz and Ross, 1984; Gordon et al, 1990; O'Brien ...
Cytokine–Activated Target Cells in Atherogenesis: The Endothelial
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Cell–mediated immunity involving activated lymphocytes and macrophages is believed to play a significant role in atherogenesis. A variety of cytokines secreted by both activated lymphocyt...
Cytokines and Growth Factors in Receptor–Mediated Signaling
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Smooth muscle cells constitute up to 60–80% of the cellular population within the arterial intima in atherosclerotic plaques and restenotic lesions (Schwartz and Reidy 1987; Khochi et al,...
Immune Mechanisms in Acute Coronary Ischemic Syndromes
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In recent years, the concept that atherosclerosis has many patho–physiologic characteristics of a chronic inflammatory process has lead to a reappraisal of the mechanisms of the acute cor...
Evidence for Immune Involvement in Atherogenesis
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Much of the evidence for the hypothesis that atherogenesis represents an inflammatory response to arterial injury was derived from pathologic and recently, immunohistochemical, studies. It has...
Basic Concepts in Atherogenesis, Immunology and Wound Repair
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Although understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanismsof atherogenesis has greatly accelerated over the last decade, surprising modern concepts of its basic pathophysiology have exist...
