Chapter category: Coagulation
Cytokines as Regulators of Coagulation
Molecular Mechanisms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Edited by: Hugo ten CateISBN: 1-58706-058-2
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Chapter authors:
Tom van der Poll, Evert de Jonge, Hugo ten Cate an
Severe infection is frequently accompanied by disturbances in the hemostatic balance. The most severe manifestation of these disturbances is known as the clinical syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). DIC is characterized by extensive activation of the coagulation system, amplified by inhibition of anticoagulant pathways, such as the protein C-protein S-thrombomodulin system, and the fibrinolytic system. In addition, DIC can be associated with an inhibition of the fibrinolytic system. Cytokines are small proteins produced by many different cell types. They are important mediators of inflammatory processes at local tissue level. However, during overwhelming sepsis, abundant cytokine production can result in organ damage such as observed during the "systemic inflammatory response syndrome" induced by sepsis. In addition, cytokines have been found to influence both procoagulant and anticoagulant pathways. In this brief overview we will outline current knowledge on how cytokines may influence the coagulation system and the fibrinolytic system during DIC and sepsis.
Additional chapters from this book:
Lessons from Venous Thrombosis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Synthesis of Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Prothrombotic States
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Treatment Strategies in DIC
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The proper management of patients with DIC remains controversial. The clinical picture of simultaneously occurring systemic thrombotic depositions and bleeding due to consumption does not d...
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): Introduction
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is defined as an acquired syndrome characterized by widespread activation of coagulation leading to intravascular formation of fibrin and thromboti...
Blood Borne Tissue Factor (Including Microparticles)
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Minor amounts of biologically active tissue factor (TF) are always constitutively present in circulating blood of healthy individuals. In various diseases, including those underlying the in...
Endothelial Cell Perturbation and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
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It has long been recognized that the vascular endothelium is a major target of bacterial endotoxin and of a variety of microorganisms, and that damage to endothelial cells (ECs) is a hallmark ...
Genetic Risk Factors for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
D.W. Sommeijer and P.H. Reitsma
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a life threatening condition that occurs due to a severe imbalance of the coagulation system. DIC is characterized by the combined occurrence of...
Regulation of Coagulation and Inflammation by the Thrombomodulin/Protein C System in Sepsis
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Thrombomodulin (TM) plays a role in regulation of the coagulation system not only by decreasing the procoagulant activities of thrombin, but by activation of protein C (PC) to form activated protein C...
DIC at the Intersection of the Thrombotic, Fibrinolytic and Inflammatory Axes
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a common clinical syndrome with dichotomous presentations of hemorrhage and thrombosis with a common underlying pathophysiology. As a syndrome, DIC pres...
Cytokines as Regulators of Coagulation
Tom van der Poll, Evert de Jonge, Hugo ten Cate an
Severe infection is frequently accompanied by disturbances in the hemostatic balance. The most severe manifestation of these disturbances is known as the clinical syndrome of disseminated intravascula...
Factor XI, TAFI and DIC
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Since 1991, the opinion on the role of factor XI in coagulation has changed from an intermediary between the contact system and factor IX to an important protease in both the coagulation and the fibri...
Contributions of the Plasma Kallikrein/Kinin System to Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
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Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a clinicopathologic state that arises from an imbalance between the degree of thrombin and plasmin formation. Most cases of DIC arise from tissue injury...
The Pleiotropic Effects of Tissue Factor
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Regulation of Tissue Factor Expression
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The cellular initiation of the coagulation protease cascade by tissue factor (TF) is the central pathway that initiates disseminated intravascular coagulation and contributes to lethality associated w...
