Chapter category: Development
Endodermal Appendage Formation: Morphogenetic Mapping of Dorso-Ventral Patterning of the Anterior Foregut and Development of Lung and Thyroid Primordia
Molecular Basis of Epithelial Appendage Morphogenesis
Edited by: Cheng-Ming ChuongISBN: 1-57059-490-2
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Chapter authors:
Parviz Minoo, Shioko Kimura and Robert deLemos
The endodermal cells of the gut serve as progenitors for the origin of many diverse tissues including pancreas, liver, thyroid and the lung. The primordium of each tissue is thought to emerge as an endodermal appendage consisting of a small group of cells with a specific developmental fate. One mechanism by which the progenitor of each tissue can be distinguished from all others is by creating molecularly discernible regional differences along the gut axis. Regionalization must include determination of the exact spatial and temporal coordinates of each primordial appendage and its relationship with other neighboring structures. Once specified, morphogenesis of each progenitor into a functionally mature organ requires further regulation, which includes cellular proliferation, migration, apoptosis and differentiation. How is such a precise, multidimensional plan implemented?
In the most anterior portion of the foregut, within a relatively narrow zone which ultimately forms the pharynx, is the site where at least three structures—the esophagus, trachea and the thyroid glands—come into close proximity. Normal morphogenesis of this zone is accomplished by pattern formation, through which the precise spatial relationship of the three tissues along the dorso-ventral and the antero-posterior axes of the foregut is established. The goal of this chapter is to present recent experimental data regarding the role of a specific transcriptional factor, Nkx–2.1, in pattern formation in the anterior foregut and morphogenesis of thyroid and lung tissues. Transcriptional regulation by Nkx–2.1 can be further used as a paradigm for regulation of morphogenesis in other endodermally derived tissue appendages.
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