Chapter category: RNA
Adapt Gene RNA Transcripts as Riboregulators
Noncoding RNAs: Molecular Biology and Molecular Medicine
Edited by: Jan Barciszewski and Volker A. ErdmannISBN: 0-306-47835-8
» Get more information about this book at landesbioscience.com «
Chapter authors:
Dana Crawford and Kelvin J. A. Davies
There is growing interest in the study of so-called riboregulator or non-coding RNAs. These spliced and polyadenylated RNAs contain either a very short or no apparent open reading frame or translational product. However, they are associated with a wide range of biological activities that suggest that they represent important cellular regulators. We initially identified the adapt15 and adapt33 mRNAs by their induction following oxidative stress under conditions where a protective "adaptive response" occurred. This adaptive response involved the induction of RNAs in response to a modest concentration of hydrogen peroxide that protected the cells against further oxidative damage. Sequence and translational analysis revealed that both RNAs are polyadenylated and spliced but neither contain any obvious open reading frame nor generate a detectable protein product. They therefore qualify as riboregulators. adapt15, also known as gadd7, is involved in growth suppression and may associate with intracellular v-Src protein. The intracellular function of adapt33 is not clear although it may play a role in the regulation of protein synthesis. A new classification acronym, SIR, is proposed for those riboregulators that are induced by stress.
Dana Crawford
Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease
The Albany Medical College
Albany, New York, U.S.A.
Kelvin J. A. Davies
Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center and Division of Molecular Biology
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
Additional chapters from this book:
We Are Legion: Noncoding Regulatory RNAs and Hfq
Cristin C. Brescia and Darren Sledjeski
Regulation by small, noncoding RNAs (ncRNA) has a long history in bacteria. Plasmid copy number control via the antisense interaction of two RNAs (RNAI and RNAII) was first described over 30 years a...
Noncoding RNAs Encoded by Bacterial Chromosomes
E. Gerhart H. Wagner and Joerg Vogel
Small noncoding RNAs are common to bacterial plasmids, phages and transposons, in which they regulate biological processes by acting as antisense RNAs. By contrast, only few small, noncoding RNAs ha...
RNA Pathogenesis in Dominant Noncoding Microsatellite Expansion Disorders
Laura P.W. Ranum and John W. Day
Microsatellite expansions cause 18 inherited human neurodegenerative diseases, including Huntington’s disease (HD), Friedreich’s ataxia (FA), nine forms of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), and myotonic...
The Noncoding Developmentally Active and Stress Inducible hsr• Gene of Drosophila melanogaster Integrates Post-Transcriptional Processing of Other Nuclear Transcripts
S.C. Lakhotia
The 93D or the hsr-omega (hsr •) gene of Drosophila melanogaster became an in teresting gene more than 3 decades ago in view of its unique inducibility with a brief benzamide treatment. Subsequent s...
New Perspectives on Noncoding or Short ORF-Encoding RNAs in Plants
Martin Crespi, Anna Campalans, Claude Thermes and Adam Kondorosi
mRNAs that do not contain a long open reading frame (longer than 100 amino acids; sORF-RNAs) have received considerable attention in recent years. These genes are generally not detected by usual seq...
New Frontiers for the snoRNA World
Jean-Pierre Bachellerie and Jérôme Cavaillé
Eukaryal rRNAs contain two prevalent types of modified nucleotides, 2'-O-methylated nucleotides and pseudouridines. The site of each of these modifications is accurately specified by two large famil...
Brain-Specific Nonmessenger RNAs
Jürgen Brosius, Alexander Hüttenhofer and Henri Tiege
RNAs that do not encode proteins, as do messenger RNAs, play much more prominent roles in the functioning of cells than we first anticipated–qualitatively and quantitatively. At least in Eukarya one...
RNA-Directed DNA Methylation and Chromatin Modifications
Marjori A. Matzke, M. Florian Mette, Tatsuo Kanno, István Papp, Werner Aufsatz and Antonius J. M. Matzke
Discovered nearly ten years ago in viroid-infected transgenic plants, RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) provided the first example of an RNA-mediated epigenetic alteration of homologous nuclear DN...
Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing in Plants
Matthew Escobar and Abhaya M. Dandekar
Accumulating genetic and biochemical evidence suggests that antisense-mediated gene silencing, cosuppression, RNA interference and virus-induced gene silencing are all unique inputs into a common RN...
Short Interfering and MicroRNAs: Tiny but Mighty
Martin Tabler, Alexandra Boutla, Kriton Kalantidis and Tsagris Mina
Two functionally distinct classes of short noncoding RNAs consisting of ca. 20-25 nucleotides have been discovered recently. Both classes of RNAs are generated from longer single- or double-stranded...
MicroRNAs
Eric Moss
MicroRNAs are the smallest functional noncoding RNAs of plants and animals. They are about 22 nucleotides in length with no common structural or sequence features. Some are conserved across great ev...
The Structure, Regulation and Function of the Imprinted H19 RNA
Raluca I. Verona and Marisa S. Bartolomei
H19 is a member of a small subset of genes that are subject to the parent-of-origin dependent expression known as genomic imprinting. The H19 gene is transcribed exclusively from the maternal allele...
Dosage Compensation in Drosophila: A Ribonucleoprotein Complex Mediates Transcriptional Up-Regulation
Dianne Kindel and Hubert Amrein
Sex-specific chromosomes (commonly referred to as X and Y) provide the basis for sex determination in many animal species. However, this difference in karyotype has drastic consequences for the quan...
Xist RNA Associates with Chromatin and Causes Gene Silencing
Anton Wutz
The mammalian Xist gene produces a long, spliced and poly-adenylated noncoding RNA that is uniquely distributed in the nucleus. Xist RNA spreads in cis from its site of transcription over the entire...
Introns and Noncoding RNAs: The Hidden Layer of Eukaryotic Complexity
John S. Mattick
Although it is not yet widely appreciated by the molecular biological community, the vast majority of the transcriptional output of the genomes of the higher organisms is noncoding RNA, composed of ...
Riboregulators: An Overview
Maciej Szymanski, Volker A. Erdmann and Jan Barciszewski
One of the most important aspects of functioning of living organisms is the regulation of gene expression. Resolving the mechanisms regulating transcription of particular genes is crucial for unders...
Adapt Gene RNA Transcripts as Riboregulators
Dana Crawford and Kelvin J. A. Davies
There is growing interest in the study of so-called riboregulator or non-coding RNAs. These spliced and polyadenylated RNAs contain either a very short or no apparent open reading frame or tra...
Computational Gene-Finding for Noncoding RNAs
Peter Schattner
Computer gene-finding programs have been quite successful at locating protein-coding genes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes. However these programs—which use genomic features such...
