Chapter category: Vaccines
Recombinant Live Attenuated Viral Vaccines
New Vaccine Technologies
Edited by: Ronald W. EllisISBN: 1-58706-050-7
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Chapter authors:
Richard R. Spaete
Vaccination with live attenuated viruses in general offers a number of advantages as a strategy to evoke an effective and long lasting immune response. Foremost among these is the possibility of a nearly complete presentation of the antigenic repertoire of the pathogen to the immune system. Both structural and non-structural antigens are available to stimulate humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in association with either class I or class II HLA molecules. Antigenic structures will be appropriately presented in authentic states of conformation and oligomerization. Taking advantage of the infectious nature of the virus obviates the need for an adjuvant/antigen delivery system. Obviously, the ability of the vaccine virus to amplify will also increase the antigenic dose and influence the magnitude of the immune response. The ability to amplify depends on the state of attenuation or the nature of the block to replication (as with DISC viruses discussed below).
Delivery of vaccines via the pathogen's natural portal of entry including mucosal and oral routes, will be increasingly used in the future. By mimicking the route or portal of infection, this mode of administration: 1) stimulates immunity at the portal of entry, and 2) stimulates multiple components of the immune system. Intranasal administration offers the possibility of achieving protection of the upper and lower respiratory tract. Intranasal delivery can also stimulate immunity in the urogenital tract. In common with vaccine delivery by parenteral routes, these vaccines also present multiple protective antigens in their native conformation. Another attractive feature of this mode of delivery is that needles are not necessary for administration. This feature is especially popular in pediatric populations!
In comparison with other vaccine approaches, live vaccines also have the advantage of relatively low cost of manufacture. The ability of the vaccines to replicate is the primary reason for this advantage. In many instances, one eucaryotic cell can yield several doses of vaccine. Costs associated with product characterization and general safety testing are common to any vaccine approach and live vaccines do not a priori incur any additional cost burden. Necessarily, the nature of the tests will be unique to the product depending on whether the vaccine is a subunit, a killed virus or a polynucleotide vaccine. In some cases, the benefit to the consumer may be economic as well as improved compliance resulting from the need for fewer doses with live attenuated vaccines.
Additional chapters from this book:
Transcutaneous Immunization
Gregory M. Glenn
The skin is a highly complex yet well-orchestrated system committed to its protective barrier function. Human integument not only keeps moisture in and foreign material out, but is also des...
Biological Aspects and Prospects for Adjuvants and Delivery Systems
Bror Morein and Ke-Fei Hu
There is no all-encompassing definition for an adjuvant, but an old definition is: a substance that enhances the immunogenicity of coadministered antigens without !=inducing an immune response...
Plant-Derived Vaccines
Amanda M. Walmsely and Charles J. Arntzen
Vaccination has traveled a long road since the contents of smallpox pustules were used to inoculate individuals.1 Whilst vaccines consisting of attenuated or inactivated whole or...
DNA Vaccines
Daniel E. McCallus, Catherine J. Pachuk, Shaw-guang Lee and C. Satishchandran
Research into the use of DNA vaccines has shown that this mode of immunization has much potential for widescale application. The ability to elicit an immune response by injection of DNA enc...
Polysaccharide Vaccines
Stephen Freese
The immune response to polysaccharide antigens is qualitatively different from that to protein antigens. Considering only those aspects that bear upon immunity to polysac- charides, the dif...
Peptide Vaccines
Damu Yang, Gregory E. Holt, Michael P. Rudolf, Markwin P. Velders, Remco M. P. Brandt, Eugene D. Kwon, and W. Martin Kast
For most of the history of vaccine production, the development of a new vaccine involved producing inactivated organisms or crude components of the pathogen. There is now generally a need to d...
Protein-Based Vaccines
Sheena M. Loosmore, Gavin R. Zealey, and Raafat E.F. Fahim
The introduction of inactivated vaccines for viral or bacterial diseases such as smallpox, polio, pertussis, tuberculosis, measles, mumps and rubella has led to the eradication or control of t...
Live Attenuated Bacterial Vectors
Sims K. Kochi and Kevin P. Killeen
It is doubtful that Louis Pasteur could have anticipated the significance in 1881 that his discovery of bacterial attenuation would have on the use of microorganisms to protect against infe...
Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccines
Kevin P. Killeen and Victor J. DiRita
Immunization is the most effective public health tool used to control infectious disease. Moreover, it is extremely cost effective given that treatment of disease is far more expensive than...
Inactivated Virus Vaccines
Andrew D. Murdin, Benjamin Rovinski, Suryaprakash Sambhara
Inactivated virus vaccines have made a significant contribution to the control of infectious disease during the 20th century and will surely remain an important feature of vaccin...
Live Viral Vectors
Elizabeth B. Kauffman, Michel Bublot, Russell R. Gettig, Keith J. Limbach, Steven E Pincus, and Jill Taylor
Live viral vector vaccines derived by the insertion of genes encoding sequences from disease organisms offer a number of advantages over live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subu...
Recombinant Live Attenuated Viral Vaccines
Richard R. Spaete
Vaccination with live attenuated viruses in general offers a number of advantages as a strategy to evoke an effective and long lasting immune response. Foremost among these is the possibili...
Live Vaccines
Alan R. Shaw
Live attenuated viral vaccines represent the most effective means of inducing a broad immune response against viruses that can be cultivated in vitro. These vaccines mimic a natural ...
In-Licensing Issues and Vaccine Technologies
Dale R. Spriggs
The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing profound changes as the advances in biotechnology give rise to new technologies and approaches to discovering and developing new products. Conventi...
Vaccine Regulatory Issues
Marion F. Gruber, Paul G. Richman and Julianne C. M. Clifford
The fundamental goals in developing new vaccine technologies are to improve current vaccines for existing clinical indications and to develop new immunogens for both pediatric and adult use...
Clinical Issues for New Vaccine Technologies
Luc Hessel
Vaccination as a means of preventing infectious diseases arguably has had the greatest impact on human health of any medical intervention.1 Since the pioneer work of Jenner and P...
New Technologies for Making Vaccines
Ronald W. Ellis
The past two decades have witnessed an explosion in the number of technological and immunological approaches for making new vaccines. These developments have flowed from advances in a broad...
