Chapter category: Vaccines
Biological Aspects and Prospects for Adjuvants and Delivery Systems
New Vaccine Technologies
Edited by: Ronald W. EllisISBN: 1-58706-050-7
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Chapter authors:
Bror Morein and Ke-Fei Hu
There is no all-encompassing definition for an adjuvant, but an old definition is: a substance that enhances the immunogenicity of coadministered antigens without !=inducing an immune response to itself. Allison and Byars1 introduced functional structures into the terminology by defining an adjuvant as an agent that augments specific immune stimulation to antigens, a vehicle as the substance used for the delivery of antigen, and an adjuvant formulation as the combination of an adjuvant with a sui vehicle. An even broader definition was advanced by Cox and Coulter2 who defined adjuvants as ìany substance or procedure that results in a specific increase in the immunogenicity of a vaccine componentî. Recently Morein and Lˆvgren-Bengtsson3 defined three major functionally important areas for adjuvant, without claiming to be all-encompassing: 1) Physical presentation in the form of particles with multimeric antigens on the surface. This form mimics a microorganism, which the host evolutionarily considers dangerous if the antigens on the surface are not self. Examples of such particulate vehicles are protein micelles, liposomes, immune stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), or virus-like particles (VLPs). 2) Targeting properties are required to guide the vaccines to the antigen-presenting cells (APC) as well as into cellular compartments of the APC, i.e., to the endosomal pathway for MHC class II presentation, while MHC class I !=responses require delivery of antigen to the cytosol. Targeting to the lymphatic organs and cells for further tissue distribution is important. 3) Immune modulation encompasses the type of immunity including both T- and B-cell responses as well as the level of immune response.
Additional chapters from this book:
Transcutaneous Immunization
Gregory M. Glenn
The skin is a highly complex yet well-orchestrated system committed to its protective barrier function. Human integument not only keeps moisture in and foreign material out, but is also des...
Biological Aspects and Prospects for Adjuvants and Delivery Systems
Bror Morein and Ke-Fei Hu
There is no all-encompassing definition for an adjuvant, but an old definition is: a substance that enhances the immunogenicity of coadministered antigens without !=inducing an immune response...
Plant-Derived Vaccines
Amanda M. Walmsely and Charles J. Arntzen
Vaccination has traveled a long road since the contents of smallpox pustules were used to inoculate individuals.1 Whilst vaccines consisting of attenuated or inactivated whole or...
DNA Vaccines
Daniel E. McCallus, Catherine J. Pachuk, Shaw-guang Lee and C. Satishchandran
Research into the use of DNA vaccines has shown that this mode of immunization has much potential for widescale application. The ability to elicit an immune response by injection of DNA enc...
Polysaccharide Vaccines
Stephen Freese
The immune response to polysaccharide antigens is qualitatively different from that to protein antigens. Considering only those aspects that bear upon immunity to polysac- charides, the dif...
Peptide Vaccines
Damu Yang, Gregory E. Holt, Michael P. Rudolf, Markwin P. Velders, Remco M. P. Brandt, Eugene D. Kwon, and W. Martin Kast
For most of the history of vaccine production, the development of a new vaccine involved producing inactivated organisms or crude components of the pathogen. There is now generally a need to d...
Protein-Based Vaccines
Sheena M. Loosmore, Gavin R. Zealey, and Raafat E.F. Fahim
The introduction of inactivated vaccines for viral or bacterial diseases such as smallpox, polio, pertussis, tuberculosis, measles, mumps and rubella has led to the eradication or control of t...
Live Attenuated Bacterial Vectors
Sims K. Kochi and Kevin P. Killeen
It is doubtful that Louis Pasteur could have anticipated the significance in 1881 that his discovery of bacterial attenuation would have on the use of microorganisms to protect against infe...
Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccines
Kevin P. Killeen and Victor J. DiRita
Immunization is the most effective public health tool used to control infectious disease. Moreover, it is extremely cost effective given that treatment of disease is far more expensive than...
Inactivated Virus Vaccines
Andrew D. Murdin, Benjamin Rovinski, Suryaprakash Sambhara
Inactivated virus vaccines have made a significant contribution to the control of infectious disease during the 20th century and will surely remain an important feature of vaccin...
Live Viral Vectors
Elizabeth B. Kauffman, Michel Bublot, Russell R. Gettig, Keith J. Limbach, Steven E Pincus, and Jill Taylor
Live viral vector vaccines derived by the insertion of genes encoding sequences from disease organisms offer a number of advantages over live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subu...
Recombinant Live Attenuated Viral Vaccines
Richard R. Spaete
Vaccination with live attenuated viruses in general offers a number of advantages as a strategy to evoke an effective and long lasting immune response. Foremost among these is the possibili...
Live Vaccines
Alan R. Shaw
Live attenuated viral vaccines represent the most effective means of inducing a broad immune response against viruses that can be cultivated in vitro. These vaccines mimic a natural ...
In-Licensing Issues and Vaccine Technologies
Dale R. Spriggs
The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing profound changes as the advances in biotechnology give rise to new technologies and approaches to discovering and developing new products. Conventi...
Vaccine Regulatory Issues
Marion F. Gruber, Paul G. Richman and Julianne C. M. Clifford
The fundamental goals in developing new vaccine technologies are to improve current vaccines for existing clinical indications and to develop new immunogens for both pediatric and adult use...
Clinical Issues for New Vaccine Technologies
Luc Hessel
Vaccination as a means of preventing infectious diseases arguably has had the greatest impact on human health of any medical intervention.1 Since the pioneer work of Jenner and P...
New Technologies for Making Vaccines
Ronald W. Ellis
The past two decades have witnessed an explosion in the number of technological and immunological approaches for making new vaccines. These developments have flowed from advances in a broad...
