Chapter category: Vaccines
Transcutaneous Immunization
New Vaccine Technologies
Edited by: Ronald W. EllisISBN: 1-58706-050-7
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Chapter authors:
Gregory M. Glenn
The skin is a highly complex yet well-orchestrated system committed to its protective barrier function. Human integument not only keeps moisture in and foreign material out, but is also designed for protection against the hostile microbial world which frequently gains entry through micro-trauma or other barrier disruptive events. Scientists in the past few decades have begun to more thoroughly describe skin immunobiology and vaccinologists have subsequently appreciated that the skin immune system is a desirable and potent target for immunization.1-4 Topical applications and immune responses have traditionally been associated by clinicians only with immunopathologies of the skin. Intradermal !=immunization has been appreciated for the potency of subsequent immune responses, but until recently has not been appreciated for its connection with the skin immune system. The premise of transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is that vaccinologists can capitalize on the potency and accessiblity of the skin immune system and utilize this refined protective system for immunoprotection and immunotherapy by topical application of the immunizing !=formulation.
TCI is based on an elegant but simple amalgam of established scientific insights, each with an extensive background of literature that can be utilized for development of topical immunization techniques: skin penetration techniques, the presence and activities of antigen presenting cells in the epidermis, and adjuvants as enhancers and modulators of the immune response. Thus, although TCI is a relatively new observation, the understanding of skin penetration, skin immunobiology and adjuvant use underlying this technique provides an enormous fund of knowledge for realization of this technique in the clinic. This chapter reviews the working hypothesis of TCI, surveys the relevant literature and current data, and outlines !=potential future directions for research that aims at stimulating further research and development for this and related vaccine technologies.
Additional chapters from this book:
Transcutaneous Immunization
Gregory M. Glenn
The skin is a highly complex yet well-orchestrated system committed to its protective barrier function. Human integument not only keeps moisture in and foreign material out, but is also des...
Biological Aspects and Prospects for Adjuvants and Delivery Systems
Bror Morein and Ke-Fei Hu
There is no all-encompassing definition for an adjuvant, but an old definition is: a substance that enhances the immunogenicity of coadministered antigens without !=inducing an immune response...
Plant-Derived Vaccines
Amanda M. Walmsely and Charles J. Arntzen
Vaccination has traveled a long road since the contents of smallpox pustules were used to inoculate individuals.1 Whilst vaccines consisting of attenuated or inactivated whole or...
DNA Vaccines
Daniel E. McCallus, Catherine J. Pachuk, Shaw-guang Lee and C. Satishchandran
Research into the use of DNA vaccines has shown that this mode of immunization has much potential for widescale application. The ability to elicit an immune response by injection of DNA enc...
Polysaccharide Vaccines
Stephen Freese
The immune response to polysaccharide antigens is qualitatively different from that to protein antigens. Considering only those aspects that bear upon immunity to polysac- charides, the dif...
Peptide Vaccines
Damu Yang, Gregory E. Holt, Michael P. Rudolf, Markwin P. Velders, Remco M. P. Brandt, Eugene D. Kwon, and W. Martin Kast
For most of the history of vaccine production, the development of a new vaccine involved producing inactivated organisms or crude components of the pathogen. There is now generally a need to d...
Protein-Based Vaccines
Sheena M. Loosmore, Gavin R. Zealey, and Raafat E.F. Fahim
The introduction of inactivated vaccines for viral or bacterial diseases such as smallpox, polio, pertussis, tuberculosis, measles, mumps and rubella has led to the eradication or control of t...
Live Attenuated Bacterial Vectors
Sims K. Kochi and Kevin P. Killeen
It is doubtful that Louis Pasteur could have anticipated the significance in 1881 that his discovery of bacterial attenuation would have on the use of microorganisms to protect against infe...
Live Attenuated Bacterial Vaccines
Kevin P. Killeen and Victor J. DiRita
Immunization is the most effective public health tool used to control infectious disease. Moreover, it is extremely cost effective given that treatment of disease is far more expensive than...
Inactivated Virus Vaccines
Andrew D. Murdin, Benjamin Rovinski, Suryaprakash Sambhara
Inactivated virus vaccines have made a significant contribution to the control of infectious disease during the 20th century and will surely remain an important feature of vaccin...
Live Viral Vectors
Elizabeth B. Kauffman, Michel Bublot, Russell R. Gettig, Keith J. Limbach, Steven E Pincus, and Jill Taylor
Live viral vector vaccines derived by the insertion of genes encoding sequences from disease organisms offer a number of advantages over live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, subu...
Recombinant Live Attenuated Viral Vaccines
Richard R. Spaete
Vaccination with live attenuated viruses in general offers a number of advantages as a strategy to evoke an effective and long lasting immune response. Foremost among these is the possibili...
Live Vaccines
Alan R. Shaw
Live attenuated viral vaccines represent the most effective means of inducing a broad immune response against viruses that can be cultivated in vitro. These vaccines mimic a natural ...
In-Licensing Issues and Vaccine Technologies
Dale R. Spriggs
The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing profound changes as the advances in biotechnology give rise to new technologies and approaches to discovering and developing new products. Conventi...
Vaccine Regulatory Issues
Marion F. Gruber, Paul G. Richman and Julianne C. M. Clifford
The fundamental goals in developing new vaccine technologies are to improve current vaccines for existing clinical indications and to develop new immunogens for both pediatric and adult use...
Clinical Issues for New Vaccine Technologies
Luc Hessel
Vaccination as a means of preventing infectious diseases arguably has had the greatest impact on human health of any medical intervention.1 Since the pioneer work of Jenner and P...
New Technologies for Making Vaccines
Ronald W. Ellis
The past two decades have witnessed an explosion in the number of technological and immunological approaches for making new vaccines. These developments have flowed from advances in a broad...
