Coagulation
Chapters
Blood Borne Tissue Factor (Including Microparticles)
Bjarne Østerud and Erik Bjørklid
Minor amounts of biologically active tissue factor (TF) are always constitutively present in circulating blood of healthy individuals. In various diseases, including those underlying the induction of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), the level of circulating TF may be subj...
Contributions of the Plasma Kallikrein/Kinin System to Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Alvin H. Schmaier
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a clinicopathologic state that arises from an imbalance between the degree of thrombin and plasmin formation. Most cases of DIC arise from tissue injury with formation of the factor VIIa-tissue factor complex and initiation of coagulation reactions. Th...
Cytokines as Regulators of Coagulation
Tom van der Poll, Evert de Jonge, Hugo ten Cate an
Severe infection is frequently accompanied by disturbances in the hemostatic balance. The most severe manifestation of these disturbances is known as the clinical syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). DIC is characterized by extensive activation of the coagulation system, amplifi...
DIC at the Intersection of the Thrombotic, Fibrinolytic and Inflammatory Axes
Sean P. Mazer, David J. Pinsky
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a common clinical syndrome with dichotomous presentations of hemorrhage and thrombosis with a common underlying pathophysiology. As a syndrome, DIC presents a spectrum of severity ranging from a chronic disorder with minimal hemolysis and coagulation t...
Disease Specific Mechanisms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
J.A. Kremer Hovinga, J.M.M. Otten, M.M. Levi, and H. ten Cate
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is defined as an acquired syndrome characterized by widespread activation of coagulation leading to intravascular formation of fibrin and thrombotic occlusion of small and midsize vessels thereby compromising blood supply to various organs. Hi...
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC): Introduction
Marcel Levi and Hugo ten Cate
One of the first reports on disseminated intravascular coagulation in the medical literature comes from Dupuy in 1834, who describes the effect of the intravenous injection of brain material in animals.1 The animals almost immediately died and at autopsy there were widespread ...
Endothelial Cell Perturbation and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Nicola Semeraro and Mario Colucci
It has long been recognized that the vascular endothelium is a major target of bacterial endotoxin and of a variety of microorganisms, and that damage to endothelial cells (ECs) is a hallmark of Gram-negative sepsis and many other infections. Earlier evidence to suggest a role for ECs in...
Factor XI, TAFI and DIC
Monique C. Minnema, Joost C.M. Meijers
Since 1991, the opinion on the role of factor XI in coagulation has changed from an intermediary between the contact system and factor IX to an important protease in both the coagulation and the fibrinolytic systems. This change was initiated by two publications that demonstrated the capability of t...
Genetic Risk Factors for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
D.W. Sommeijer and P.H. Reitsma
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a life threatening condition that occurs due to a severe imbalance of the coagulation system. DIC is characterized by the combined occurrence of activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway and decreased activity of the protein Cprotein ...
Lessons from Venous Thrombosis and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation: A Synthesis of Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Prothrombotic States
Hugo ten Cate and William C. Aird
Thrombosis can be defined as formation of an intravascular clot, consisting of cells, fibrin, and activated clotting proteins, interacting with the vessel wall, and partly or completely obstructing the bloodstream. Thrombosis may arise in arteries, veins, capillaries or some combinati...
Regulation of Coagulation and Inflammation by the Thrombomodulin/Protein C System in Sepsis
Kenji Okajima
Thrombomodulin (TM) plays a role in regulation of the coagulation system not only by decreasing the procoagulant activities of thrombin, but by activation of protein C (PC) to form activated protein C. Activated protein C (APC), which inactivates factors (F.) Va and F.VIIIa, regulates inflammation b...
Regulation of Tissue Factor Expression
Wolfram Ruf, Matthias Riewald
The cellular initiation of the coagulation protease cascade by tissue factor (TF) is the central pathway that initiates disseminated intravascular coagulation and contributes to lethality associated with septicemia. TF is induced by inflammatory mediators in monocytes and endothelial cells by predom...
The Pleiotropic Effects of Tissue Factor
Henri H. Versteeg, C. Arnold Spek
Tissue factor, a 47 kDa integral membrane glycoprotein, is the primary initiator of the coagulation cascade. Interaction of TF with factor VIIa, which circulates at low levels in the bloodstream, results in the activation of factor X either directly, or indirectly through the activation of factor IX...
Treatment Strategies in DIC
Marcel Levi and Hugo ten Cate
The proper management of patients with DIC remains controversial. The clinical picture of simultaneously occurring systemic thrombotic depositions and bleeding due to consumption does not directly indicate which specific therapy should be administered. Unfortunately, adequate clinical...
