Development
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« previous | page 3 of 9 pages | next »Embryonic Vasculogenesis and Hematopoietic Specification
Lauren C. Goldie, Melissa K. Nix and Karen K. Hirschi
Vasculogenesis is the process by which blood vessels are formed de novo. In mammals, vasculogenesis occurs in parallel with hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells. Thus, it is debated whether vascular endothelial cells and blood cells are derived from a common progenitor. Whether or not this is...
EMT Concept and Examples from the Vertebrate Embryo
Elizabeth D. Hay
Epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) creates a family of invasive cell types from the relatively sedentary epithelial cells that line the surfaces of the body. The mesenchy mal cell’s primary trait is that, unlike the epithelium of origin, it can invade extracellular matrix and migrate g...
Endodermal Appendage Formation: Morphogenetic Mapping of Dorso-Ventral Patterning of the Anterior Foregut and Development of Lung and Thyroid Primordia
Parviz Minoo, Shioko Kimura and Robert deLemos
The endodermal cells of the gut serve as progenitors for the origin of many diverse tissues including pancreas, liver, thyroid and the lung. The primordium of each tissue is thought to emerge as an endodermal appendage consisting of a small group of cells with a specific developmental...
Epithelial Cell Plasticity by Dynamic Transcriptional Regulation of E-cadherin
Geert Berx and Frans Van Roy
Epithelial cell plasticity is associated with coordinated changes in cell adhesion and migratory behavior. The cell-cell adhesion protein E-cadherin regulates the functional integrity of epithelia by mediating specific intercellular adhesion. E-cadherin is a well-established invasion/tumor suppre...
Epithelial Planar Cell Polarity in Drosophila
Marek Mlodzik
In multicellular organisms epithelia form highly organized and polarized structures. Epi- thelial apical-basolateral polarity enables the tissues to perform functions like vectorial transport of fluid (e.g., in several glands, the gut or kidney) or directed secretion of specialized components t...
Epithelial-Extracellular Matrix (Cell-ECM) Interactions in Hydra
Michael P, Sarras Jr
As a member of the Phylum, Cnidaria, hydra is organized a simple gastric tube with a head and foot pole. The entire body wall of hydra is organized as a epithelial bilayer with an intervening extracellular matrix (ECM). The major components of hydra ECM are highly conserved and reflect those seen...
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transformation in the Embryonic Heart
Raymond B. Runyan, Ronald L. Heimark, Todd D. Camenisch and Scott E. Klewer
The progenitors of the mitral and tricuspid valves and the membranous interventricular septum in the heart arise by an epithelial-mesenchymal cell transformation (EMT) from embryonic endothelial cells. Experiments using collagen gel cultures to mimic the three dimensional environment in the embry...
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transitions in Human Cancer
Veerle L. Van Marck and Marc E. Bracke
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a type of epithelial plasticity that is characterized by long-lasting morphological and molecular changes in epithelial cells as a result of transdifferentiation towards a mesenchymal cell type. To detect possible phenotypic transitions in human cancer, ...
Epithelium - Mesenchyme Transitions are Crucial Morphogenetic Events Occurring During Early Development
Olivier Morali, Pierre Savagner and Lionel Larue
Developmental biology constitutes a unique field to study cell dynamics within an or ganism. Transitions from epithelial to mesenchymal architectures represent major mor phogenetic events during development. In this chapter, trophectoderm and mesoderm formation in the mouse is analyzed in detail ...
Evolution of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and the Golgi Complex
Alexander A. Mironov, Victor V. Banin, Irina S. Sesorova, Viacheslav V. Dolgikh, Alberto Luini and Galina V. Beznoussenko
By analyzing the morpho-physiological features of the Golgi complex, its relationship with the endoplasmic reticulum in different species, and the molecular machineries involved in intracellular transport, we conclude that; (1) all eukaryotic cells have either Golgi complexes or remnants thereof; (2...
Evolution of the Neural Crest
Alejandro Barrallo-Gimeno and M. Angela Nieto
The recent advances in studies of the neural crest in vertebrates, and the analysis of basal hordates using molecular and embryological approaches, have demonstrated that at least part of the genetic programs and the cellular behavior were in place in nonvertebrate chordates before the neural crest ...
Expression and Function of Pitx2 in Chick Heart Looping
Xueyan Yu, Shusheng Wang and YiPing Chen
Rightward looping of the straight heart tube, a vital process for the formation of multichambered heart, is the first morphological manifestation of left-right (L-R) asymme try during vertebrate embryonic development. In the developing chick embryo, sophisticated genetic pathways involving numero...
Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Breast Branching Morphogenesis and Breast Cancer: The Double-Edged Sword
Eva A Turley and Mina J Bissell
That differentiation and malignancy are different faces of the same coin is now almost a clich?.1-4 Although widely accepted as fact, exactly what are the points of similarity and differences that contribute to normal morphogenesis on the one hand and to neoplastic progression on the other? How c...
Feather Morphogenesis: A Model of the Formation of Epithelial Appendages
Cheng-Ming Chuong and Randall B. Widelitz
Among the skin appendages, feathers certainly have the most elaborate structures and are richly patterned. Feathers distinguish the bird from other vertebrate classes and provide the birds with a unique niche, the sky, in which to thrive and evolve. Feathers also serve other crucial func...
Formation and Differentiation of Avian Somite Derivatives
Bodo Christ and Martin Scaal
During somite maturation, the ventral half of the epithelial somite disintegrates into the mesenchymal sclerotome, whereas the dorsal half forms a transitory epithelial sheet, the dermomyotome, lying in between the sclerotome and the surface ectoderm. The dermomyotome is the source of the majority o...
Functional and Ecological Effects of Isoform Variation in Insect Flight Muscle
James H. Marden
Nearly all of the known structural molecules in insect flight muscles exist as multiple isoforms. Both post-transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms are responsible for this variability. Among these mechanisms, alternative splicing is noteworthy for the ability to create a large number o...
Functional Asymmetry in Hematopoietic, Immune and Nervous Systems
Valery V. Abramov,* Irina A. Gontova and Vladimir A. Kozlov
We report a series of three experiments that suggest that hemispheric dominance for paw preference is related to asymmetries in peripheral physiology. First, we report that bone marrow cells taken from the left femoral bone of (CBA ¥ C57Bl/6) F1 mice are functionally more active in left-pawed rec...
Gene Therapies for Muscular Dystrophies
Dominic J. Wells
Gene therapy for the muscular dystrophies aims to restore the normal biochemistry by either modifying the damaged gene (or mRNA) or by expression of a therapeutic transgene. Animal models, mostly mice, are available for many of the muscular dystrophies and so can be used to test gene therapy stra...
Genetic Analysis of Somite Formation in Laboratory Fish Models
Christoph Winkler and Harun Elmasri
The repeated appearance of somites is one of the most fascinating aspects of vertebrate embryogenesis. Recent studies identified complex regulatory circuits that provide the molecular basis for the “clock and wave front” model, postulated almost 30 years ago by Cooke and Zeeman. The highly coord...
Glycosylation and Muscular Dystrophy
Susan C. Brown and Francesco Muntoni
The congenital muscular dystrophies (CMD) are a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders a number of which have recently been shown to be associated with mutations in the genes encoding for either known or putative glycosyltransferases. These include Fukuyama CMD, Muscle-Eye-Brain dis...
Growth Factors Regulating Neural Crest Cell Fate Decisions
Lukas Sommer*
CHAPTER 12 *Corresponding Author: Lukas Sommer—Institute of Cell Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, ETH-Hoenggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland, Email: lukas.sommer@cell.biol.ethz.ch Neural Crest Induction and Differentiation, edited by Jean-Pierre Saint-Jeannet. ©2005 Eurekah.com. ...
Growth of the Hair Follicle: A Cycling and Regenerating Biological System
Kurt Stenn, Satish Parimoo and Stephen M. Prouty
Hair growth involves the unique phenomenon of cyclic regeneration: This structure forms, regresses, and regrows over a recurring period. After a brief description of cycling and regeneration in animal biology, and the introduction of an antler cycle, in this essay we will review the h...
GSK3-Signal Regulation of Pattern Formation in Dictyostelium: Wnt-Like Pathways During Non-Canonical Multicellular Development
Leung Kim and Alan R. Kimmel
Dictyostelium establishes an asymmetric body axis during development that is depen dent upon signaling through distinct 7-TM cAMP morphogen receptors (CARs) that regulate GSK3-mediated downstream effectors. These pathways reflect a similar dependency for metazoan cell fate decisions on Wnt/Friz...
Hedgehog Signalling in Prostate Morphogenesis
Marilyn L. G. Lamm* and Wade Bushman
The prostate gland has not traditionally been a popular model system in developmental biology, and mechanistic studies of prostate morphogenesis have generally lagged behind work in other well-characterised systems. The mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in prostate development and the role of t...
Hedgehog Signalling in T Lymphocyte Development
Susan Outram*, Ariadne L Hager-Theodorides and Tessa Crompton
T cell development occurs in the thymus, which is seeded by multipotential lymphocyte progenitor cells. These cells then move through a sequence of clearly defined developmental stages at the end of which they become a fully functional mature T cell. For correct organogenesis and T cell developme...
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