Tissue Engineering
Chapters
page 1 of 5 pages | next »Cell Cycle Interruption to Inhibit Intimal Hyperplasia
Michael J. Mann, Ruediger C. Braun-Dullaeus, Victor J. Dzau
Neointimal hyperplasia is the hallmark of occlusive vascular graft disease. It is largely responsible for the primary failures of up to 30% of infrainguinal grafts within two years, and it is believed to form the substrate for the accelerated atherosclerosis that is linked to the fail...
Endothelial Cell
Steven P. Schmidt, Gary L. Bowlin
The field of Tissue Engineering offers the promise of further elucidating and clarifying the interactions between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. This understanding is central to the creation of a successful small diameter vascular graft—a goal which has...
Liver Support System Development
Jacek Rozga, Kyung.S. Suh, Helene Lilja, Walid S. Arnaout, Achilles A. Demetriou
For many years it has been assumed that the majority of toxins which cause coma in hepatic failure are small dialyzable molecules. As a result, most liver support systems and therapeutic regimens relied primarily on blood detoxification. However, the pathogenesis of acute liver failure i...
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers: A New Dimension in Analytical Bioseparation
Oliver Brüggemann
Biological interactions, for example the interaction between an antibody and its antigen or between an enzyme and its substrate, are in most cases closely linked to the three–dimensional structure of the protein. Antibodies as well as enzymes are large (protein) molecules made up...
Neointimal Hyperplasia in Small Diameter Prosthetic Vascular Grafts: Influence of Endothelial Cell Seeding with Microvascular Omental Cells in a Canine Model
Miralem Pasic, Werner Müller-Glauser, Marko Turina
The ideal vascular graft should be biocompatible, resistant to infection, nonthrombogenic, easy to suture, and most important, durable. Unfortunately, none of the existing prosthetic vascular grafts lives up to all of these criteria. Therefore, the early patency of prosthetic grafts depe...
Percutaneous Access for Peritoneal Dialysis: A Tissue Engineering Approach
Jennifer A. LaIuppa and Clifford J. Holmes
The newly emerging field of tissue engineering, which combines recent advances in the fields of molecular and cell biology with developments in material science, chemical engineering and biotechnology, promises to address clinical needs in many areas of medicine. The ability to fabric...
Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis
Steven D. Colquhoun, Caroline A. Connelly
Hepatic encephalopathy is a neuropsychiatric syndrome that refers to potentially reversible derangement of thought and behavior which accompany liver disease.1 Although there may be significant overlap in symptoms and etiology, both liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy can...
Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy: Treatment
Olivier Detry, Jody E. Margulies, Nicholas Arkadopoulos, Achilles A. Demetriou
Intracranial hypertension secondary to brain edema is the most common cause of death in fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) patients, even when they are listed for urgent orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).1 Brain edema is a complication of FHF. In a 1944 report of 125 autopsi...
Acute Liver Failure: Definitions and Etiology
Donna E. Goldman, Graham M. Woolf
In the United States, there are approximately 2000 cases/year of acute hepatic failure (AHF) in adults and children.1 The term "fulminant hepatitis" was introduced by Lucke and Mallory in 1948 to describe posttransfusion hepatitis in soldiers dying within 9 days of the onset o...
Adhesion Molecule Expression Following In Vitro Lining
Caroline Gillis-Hægerstrand
The possibility that human ECs can be seeded on vascular prosthetic grafts to create a "look-alike" to the natural blood vessel is intriguing. The new field of tissue engineering has awakened an interest in many scientists from different disciplines which makes the research area fasci...
Adhesion Molecules: Potent Inducers of Endothelial Cell Chemotaxis
Zoltan Szekanecz, Alisa E. Koch
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, plays an important role in a number of physiological processes including development and tissue repair. Thus, it may also be involved in the integration of newly implanted vascular grafts. Neovascularization is also essential in a numb...
Affinity Precipitation: Stimulus–Responsive Polymers for Bioseparation
Ruth Freitag
The modern biotechnology industry has provided the medical community with a new type of pharmaceutical, namely recombinant proteins and peptides. The number of such protein–based drugs is already impressive and expected to increase considerably in the future, as the function and ...
An Eye on Repair: Myofibroblasts in Corneal Wounds
James V. Jester
Injury to the cornea often leads to corneal fibrosis and scarring resulting in loss of corneal transparency and blindness. Furthermore, current approaches to surgically correct refractive errors, including radial keratotomy (RK), and excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) cause damage ...
An Integral Mathematical Approach to Tissue Engineering of Vascular
Greg R. Starke, A.S. Douglas, D.J. Conway
The development of neointimal hyperplasia near the anastomosis of small diameter grafts has been positively linked to changes in the arterial fluid dynamics. Graft materials such as woven Dacron or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) are relatively rigid when compared to the native artery....
Anatomy and Physiology of the Spinal Cord
Antal Nogradi amd Gerta Vrbovi
The spinal cord is part of the central nervous system (CNS), which extends caudally and is protected by the bony structures of the vertebral column. It is covered by the three membranes of the CNS, i.e., the dura mater, arachnoid and the innermost pia mater. In most adult mammals it occupies only...
Angiogenesis in Tissues and Vascular Grafts
Paula K. Shireman, Howard P. Greisler
Angiogenesis is a cellular process that starts during embryogenesis and continues throughout the life of the organism. It is defined as the formation of new blood vessels by a process of sprouting from preexisting vessels, while vasculogenesis is the differentiation of endothelial cel...
Artificial Extracellular Matrix Proteins for Graft Design
Alyssa Panitch, David A. Tirrell
More than 500,000 vascular grafts are implanted annually in the United States.1 Although large diameter grafts implanted in regions of high blood flow remain patent for many years, small and medium caliber prostheses are plagued by unacceptable rates of failure due to throm...
Automated Seeding Devices
Dominic Dodd, J. Vincent Smyth, Michael G. Walker
Almost as soon as the application of endothelial seeding to enhance graft patency was recognized, groups started to develop techniques and equipment to facilitate the process. The requirements of an ideal seeding system for clinical work include simplicity, efficiency and speed. These considerations...
Biodegradable Materials
K.J.L. Burg, S.W. Shalaby
Absorbable materials are unique as implants, in that they are absorbed and excreted from the body at the conclusion of their functional period, thus alleviating the expense and potential complications of a retrieval surgery. Additionally, as these materials gradually absorb, they allo...
Bioinert Biomaterials: Are Their Properties Irreplaceable?
Patrick T. Cahalan
In 1955 Sewell and colleagues1 performed a study comparing ovine and bovine sources of catgut sutures in three animal models. The objective of the study was to quantitatively compare the tissue response to the implanted material, and this event is often cited as the beginni...
Bioinertness: An Outdated Principle
David F. Williams
Biomaterials have been with us for the majority of the twentieth century. Their nature has evolved during this time, and the applications for which they have been used have increased in complexity and diversity. However, for much of this time, the functions required of these materials an...
Biophilic Polymers: What's on the Horizon?
Patrick T. Cahalan
This chapter was outlined for a section of this book entitled 'Bio-Interactive' Prostheses, and was further subdivided to a section including biostable polymers/materials. The other chapter in this subsection, titled "Biostable Polymers as Durable Scaffolds for Tissue Engineered Vascu...
Bioresorbable Grafts: A Counterintuitive Approach
David Fox, David A. Vorp, Howard P. Greisler
This chapter reviews the use of bioresorbable materials in vascular grafting. First, the theoretical basis for the use of bioresorbable materials is presented. Next, the various materials and the results of experimental work with them are discussed. Bioresorbable materials have been i...
Biostable Polymers as Durable Scaffolds for Tissue Engineered Vascular Prostheses
Arthur J. Coury
The successful implementation of any medical device requires a systematic development process from concept through use in humans. Rigorous quality systems and design controls are now mandated by law,1 and the framework they provide2 is especially relevant to the ...
Bone Healing and Failure
Ashley R. Poynton and Joseph M. Lane
Facture healing is a complex process resulting from the interaction of cellular elements that are activated and controlled by an array of proinflammatory cytokines and signaling proteins. This process is both temporal and spatial in nature and results in the formation of new bone that has propert...
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