Viruses
Chapters
« previous | page 2 of 4 pages | next »Entry of Herpesviruses into Cells: The Enigma Variations
Claude Krummenacher, Andrea Carfí, Roselyn J. Eisenberg and Gary H. Cohen
The entry of herpesviruses into their target cells is complex at many levels. Virus entry proceeds by a succession of interactions between viral envelope glycoproteins and molecules on the cell membrane. The process is divided into distinct steps: attachment to the cell surface, interaction wi...
Entry of Influenza Virus
Xiangjie Sun and Gary R. Whittaker
As a major pathogen of human and certain animal species, influenza virus causes wide spread and potentially devastating disease. To initiate infection, the virus first binds to cellular receptors comprising either -(2,3) or -(2,6) linked sialic acid. Recent advances in our understanding of the ...
Entry of Rhabdoviruses into Animal Cells
Andrew D. Regan and Gary R. Whittaker
Entry is the first step in the infectious life cycle of a virus. In the case of rhabdoviruses, entry is facilitated exclusively by the envelope glycoprotein G and its interactions with the host cell. For vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), attachment to the cell surface was thought to be facilit...
Epidemiologic Studies of Polyomaviruses and Cancer: Previous Findings, Methodologic Challenges and Future Directions
Dana E.M. Rollison
Polyomavirus infection became the focus of epidemiologic studies of cancer several decades ago, soon after the discovery of simian virus 40 (SV40) in 1960 and its ability to induce tumors in experimentally infected animals in 1961. Between 1963 and 2003, eight case-control and eleven cohort studi...
Evolutionary Aspects of Human Endogenous Retroviral Sequences (HERVs) and Disease
Jonas Blomberg, Dmitrijs Ushameckis and Patric Jern
Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are remnants of retroviral infections. ERVs preserve functions of exogenous retroviruses to various extents. ERVs are both parasites and symbionts. Although the most pathogenic elements are eliminated by selection, some pathogenicity may remain. Some recently endoge...
Experimental Studies on Viral Quasispecies
E.Domingo, C.K. Biebricher, M. Eigen, J.J. Holland
In contrast to replication of simple, noninfectious RNA molecules in vitro analyzed in the previous Chapter, multiplication of infectious virus necessitates a concatenation of steps from entry into a cell until the release of progeny particles (Chapter 2). Each of the specific steps in the virus...
Flaviviruses
Camilo Ansarah-Sobrinho, Steevenson Nelson and Theodore C. Pierson
Flaviviruses are a group of positive-stranded RNA viruses that enter target cells via an endocytic pathway and fuse with target cell membranes in a pH-dependent fashion. Interactions between host cells and flavivirus particles are mediated by envelope (E) proteins arranged in a densely packed ...
Genome-Wide Analysis of Human Gene Expression: Application to the Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses
Tatyana V. Vinogradova
This chapter reviews the state-of-the-art of the approaches to the investigation of human and other complex transcriptomes. The techniques of differential cDNA libraries screening, subtractive hybridization, serial analysis of gene expression, DNA microarrays and differential display are consider...
Genome-Wide Search for Human Specific Retroelements
Yuri B. Lebedev
Transposable elements, primarily retroelements (REs), were permanently amplified in primate genomes during the last 65 million years suggesting their evolutionary significance. Fixed in the ancestral genome, newly integrated REs are considered as efficient pacemakers in primate evolution. Here we...
Genomic Distributions of Human Retroelements
Dixie L. Mager, Louie N. van de Lagemaat and Patrik Medstrand
Nearly half of the human and primate genome is derived from ancient transposable elements, primarily retroelements. This surprising fact alone suggests that retroelements have played a major role in genome organization and evolution. Here we review studies performed in the last 20 years on the ch...
Genotype of Hepatitis Delta Virus
Nobuyuki Enomoto,* Hideki Watanabe, Kazuyoshi Nagayama, Tsuyoshi Yamashiro and Mamoru Watanabe
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen for virion assembly and infection,1 and contains a negative single stranded circular RNA genome of 1.7 kilobases.2,3 HDV is classified into three genotypes (genotype I, II and III) based on genetic...
Hepatitis Delta Antigen and RNA Polymerase II
Yuki Yamaguchi and Hiroshi Handa
Replication and transcription of HDV proceed via RNA-dependent RNA synthesis. These reactions are thought to be catalyzed at least in part by host RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), which is critical for these processes, was recently proposed to function as a transcriptio...
Hepatitis Delta Antigen and RNA Polymerase II
Yuki Yamaguchi and Hiroshi Handa
Replication and transcription of HDV proceed via RNA-dependent RNA synthesis. These reactions are thought to be catalyzed at least in part by host RNA polymerase II (RNAPII). Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), which is critical for these processes, was recently proposed to function as a transcriptio...
Hepatitis Delta Antigen: Biochemical Properties and Functional Roles in HDV Replication
Michael M.C. Lai
Hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg) was first detected in the nucleus of the hepatocytes of some patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV).68 The presence of HDAg was frequently associated with severe hepatitis. This antigen was initially thought to be a previously unrecognized HBV-encoded antige...
Hepatitis Delta Virus HDV-HBV Interactions
Camille Sureau
The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a subviral agent that utilizes the envelope proteins of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) for cell to cell propagation. In infected human hepatocytes, the HDV RNA genome can replicate and associate with multiple copies of the delta protein to assemble a ribonucleoprot...
Hepatitis Delta Virus RNA Editing
John L. Casey
The genome of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is the smallest known to infect man. Encoding just one protein, hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), HDV relies heavily on host functions and on structural features of the viral RNA. A good example of this reliance is found in the process known as HDV RNA edit...
Herpesvirus Encoded Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors
Thomas N. Kledal
Herpesviruses and poxviruses have pirated components of the host chemokine system and optimized these proteins to increase their success during infection. Both the beta-herpesviruses, e.g., human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and the gamma-herpesviruses, e.g., Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus...
HIV
Dimitrov, Dimiter S. , Christopher C. Broder
The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized as a separate clinical entity (albeit initially under a different name) in 1981.1 It was characterized by immunologic abnormalities, accompanied frequently by opportunistic infections, neurologic disorders, and a cancer (Kaposi’s ...
HIV Receptors
Dimitrov, Dimiter S. , Christopher C. Broder
AIDS is characterized by depletion of CD4 T lymphocytes; in 1984 it was shown that CD4 is the primary receptor for HIV-1.1,2 To characterize the HIV-1 receptor and to ascertain that the CD4 cell tropism is determined at the receptor level, it was demonstrated that (1) only CD4 expressing cells su...
HIV-1 Tropism and Pathogenesis
Dimitrov, Dimiter S., Christopher C. Broder
Genotypic and phenotypic variation is a hallmark of infection by HIV-1. The ability of HIV-1 to infect different types of cells varies from one isolate to the next and is referred to as cell-type tropism or cytotropism. HIV-1 cytotropism, cytopathicity and pathogenesis are in general correlated, ...
How Different Is the Human Genome from the Genomes of the Great Apes?
Eugene V. Nadezhdin and Eugene D. Sverdlov
During Hominoid evolution a lot of sequence and chromosomal organization differences between highly related genomes of human and the African great apes were accumulated. Some of them certainly form a genetic basis for recently evolved, specifically human traits such as brain size of at least 600 ...
Human Polyomavirus JC and BK Persistent Infection
Kristina Dorries
Primary contact with the human polyomaviruses (huPyV) is followed by lifelong persistence of viral DNA in its host. The most prominent organs affected are the kidney, the Central Nervous System (CNS )and the hematopoietic system. Under impairment of immune competence limited activation of virus i...
Immunity and Autoimmunity Induced by Polyomaviruses: Clinical, Experimental and Theoretical Aspects
Ole Petter Rekvig, Signy Bendiksen and Ugo Moens
In this chapter, polyomaviruses will be presented in an immunological context. Principal observations will be discussed to elucidate humoral and cellular immune responses to different species of the polyomaviruses and to individual viral structural and regulatory proteins. The role of immune resp...
Influence of Human Endogenous Retroviruses on Cellular Gene Expression
Christine Leib-Mosch, Wolfgang Seifarth and Ulrike Schon
Endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) and retrotransposons are normal components of the human DNA. During evolution these elements have spread by retrotransposition and thus dispersed their regulatory sequences throughout the genome. Novel insertions can have a variety of consequences for adjacent gene...
Introduction
Esteban Domingo, Christof K. Biebricher, Manfred Eigen and John J. Holland.
It has always been the main aim of human intelligence to attempt to understand the bewildering diversity of the environment by recognising patterns and regularities of events. It is thus no accident that one of the first objects of scientific observation was the starred night sky: it ...
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