Autoimmunity
Chapters
page 1 of 3 pages | next »Alterations of Mesenchymal and Endothelial Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Claudio Fiocchi, Kenji Ina, Silvio Danese, Andre’ Z.A. Leite and Jon D. Vogel
The pathogenesis of complex chronic diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can no longer be viewed as a one-way street in which classical immune cells have exclusive control over the initiation, duration and outcome of the disease. There is enough experimental evidence to demonstrate that no...
Alterations of T Lymphocytes in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Charles O. Elson, Yingzi Cong and Casey T. Weaver
The intestine contains an abundance of cells of the innate and acquired immune system, and among these T cells represent a major component. Intestinal T cells are distributed among the various compartments in the mucosal immune system, including GALT, the epithelial layer, and the lamina propria...
Autoimmune Mechanisms in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Neuropathy
Aaron I. Vinik, Gary L. Pittenger, Zvonko Milicevic and Jadrank Knezevic-Cuca
Our knowledge of the physiology and pathophysiology of immune responses in the cen-tral (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS) has grown over the last decade. This new information has facilitated advances in experimental and clinical investigations and the application of new therapie...
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type I (APECED)
Jaakko Perheentupa and Aaro Miettinen
This disease is known by many names, most commonly as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type I (APS–I). We prefer the name autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy (APECED), because it reminds of the three groups of components of this disease. "Syndrome," ...
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type II
Maria J. Redondo and George S. Eisenbarth
The two major autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes are termed autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type I (APS-I) and APS-II.1-4 These syndromes are of particular interest in that they have led to the identification of a series of diseases of autoimmune etiology5-8 and t...
Autoimune Disorders—A Common Link?
Flemming Pociot
The immune system has evolved to protect multicellular organisms from pathogens. It is therefore perplexing that this system turns on the individual, in some cases precipitating catastrophic autoimmune disease. The capability of the immune system to destroy a variety of cell types is evident, bot...
Celiac Disease
Fei Bao, Marian Rewers, Fraser Scott and George S. Eisenbarth
Celiac disease is a common, often asymptomatic immune-mediated disorder with a preva-lence of approximately 1/200 in Western populations. The disorder is typically associated with intestinal lesions leading to diarrhea and weight loss. In the most severely diseased patients death occurs ...
Central and Peripheral Nervous System
Dorothée Chabas, Isabelle Cournu-Rebeix and Bertrand Fontaine
Immune diseases of central and peripheral nervous system constitute an heterogeneous group of disorders which share a significative implication of the immune system in pathophysiology. Multiple sclerosis (MS), Guillain Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CI...
Chemokines in Experimental Autoimmune Ecephalomyelitis and Multiple Sclerosis
Alicia Babcock and Trevor Owens
Chemokines are small molecules that direct leukocyte traffic and play a role in cellular activation. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (...
CTLA-4 in Addison’s Disease
Klaus Badenhoop
Addison’s disease is a rare autoimmune disorder of adrenal destruction leading to death if unrecognised and untreated. Usually non-surgical adrenal insufficiency is caused by either tuberculous granuloma, other infectious agents such as observed in AIDS or has no clear etiology in about 70-80% th...
CTLA-4 in Multiple Sclerosis
Rebecca J. Greenwald, Yvette Latchman and Arlene H. Sharpe
The B7:CD28/CTLA-4 pathway has a pivotal role in regulating T cell immune responses and manipulation of this key immunoregulatory pathway may lead to the development of therapeutic interventions to control autoimmunity. This pathway is complex because the B7-1 and CD86 costimulatory molecules hav...
CTLA-4 in Myasthenia Gravis
Ann Kari Lefvert
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is commonly regarded as the prototype for an organ specific antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. The disease is characterized by an immune response against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on the neuromuscular junction. The symptoms, weakness and increased fatigability...
CTLA-4 in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Peter P. Sfikakis and Stamatis-Nick Liossis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease characterised by symmetric polyarthritis of the small joints of the hands and feet and the larger appendicular joints. The etiology of RA is still unknown. Although several features of autoimmunity are prominent in these patien...
CTLA-4 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
David I. Daikh and David Wofsy
The recent characterization of several costimulatory interactions between antigen presenting cells and T cells represents a major advance in our understanding of both normal adaptive immune responses and pathologic autoimmune responses. Furthermore, characterization of these costimulation pathway...
CTLA-4 in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Lorenza Nisticò, Isabella Cascino, Raffaella Buzzetti and Paolo Pozzilli
The current etiological classification defines type 1 diabetes as a chronic hyperglycemia due to a cellular mediated immune destruction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells. This disease is characterized by the presence at the onset of antibodies against insular molecules (islet cell an...
CTLA-4: Its Role in the Immune Response
Maria-Luisa Alegre and Thomas F. Gajewski
T lymphocytes are essential for host defense against many viral or parasitic infections, and also contribute to defense against tumors. In addition, T cells mediate rejection of transplanted organs, and, if inappropriately activated to recognize self-antigens, can cause autoimmune diseases. Under...
CTLA-4: Its Role in Transplant Tolerance and Rejection
David M. Rothstein and Fadi G. Lakkis
Transplantation is the treatment of choice for end-stage heart, kidney, liver, and pancre atic islet disease. Current strategies require life-long immunosuppression in attempts to inhibit the alloimmune response and prevent acute and chronic rejection.Tolerance remains the holy grail for achievin...
Cytokine and Cytokine Receptor Genes in the Susceptibility
Hélène Coppin, Marie-Paule Roth and Roland S. Liblau
It is beyond the scope of this Chapter to review exhaustively the research on all autoimmune diseases. We will instead focus on three highly-prevalent chronic inflammatory/auto-immune diseases, namely multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and insuli...
Cytokines and Chemokines in Autoimmune Disease: An Overview
Pere Santamaria
Autoimmune diseases result from complex interactions among different immune cell types, including both T and B lymphocytes and professional antigen–presenting cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. These cellular interactions result in auto–aggressive responses that...
Cytokines and Chemokines in Human Autoimmune Skin Disorders
Dorothée Nashan and Thomas Schwarz
Autoimmune skin diseases comprise two major groups of disorders, connective tissue diseases and bullous diseases. Connective tissue diseases represent a group of autoimmune disorders with overlapping clinical features including lupus erythematodes and its subtypes, systemic sclerosis, de...
Cytokines and Chemokines in the Pathogenesis of Murine Type 1
C. Meagher, S. Sharif, S. Hussain, M. J. Cameron, G. A. Arreaza and T. L. Delovitch
The immune system can be considered as an intricate set of cell-cell interactions initiated by exposure to antigen and regulated by multiple positive and negative signals derived from lymphocytes, antigen presenting cells (APCs), and stromal cells located in primary and secondary lymphoi...
Cytokines and Chemokines in Virus-Induced Autoimmunity
U Christen and M von Herrath
Virus infections usually elicit a massive inflammatory reaction characterized by release of chemokines and cytokines that attract and activate cells of the host's immune system with the goal to eliminate the foreign pathogen from the organism. In addition to the load and presentation of ...
Cytokines and Chemokines n the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Deborah O'Neil and Lothar Steidler
Chronic inflammatory bowel disease is the term applied to a spectrum of gastrointestinal immunopathologies of which Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the most common. Ulcerative colitis, as the name suggests, is specific to the colon while Crohn's is somewhat more insidious in t...
Cytokines in the Pathogenesis and Therapy
David O. Willenborg and Maria A. Staykova
In the inflammatory diseases autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and multiple sclerosis (MS) the occurrence, severity, course and resolution of disease are dependent on a complex interaction of cells, cytokines, chemokines and myriad other mediators. This chapter describes the role of wha...
Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Collagen-Induced Arthritis
Erik Lubberts and Wim B. van den Berg
The cytokine network in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex field, with a lot of cytokines showing pleiotropic actions and many different targets. To keep it simple, the network can be divided in two groups, the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Contr...
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