Stem Cells
Chapters
page 1 of 4 pages | next »Adipose Tissue-Derived Adult Stem Cells: Potential for Cell Therapy
Laura Aust, Lyndon Cooper, Blythe Devlin, Tracey du Laney, Sandra Foster, Jeffrey M. Gimble, Farshid Guilak, Yuan Di C. Halvorsen, Kevin Hicok, Amy Kloster, Henry E. Rice, Anindita Sen, Robert W. Storms and William O. Wilkison
The term “adult stem cell” has traditionally been used to refer to the hematopoietic progenitors isolated from bone marrow and transplanted into patients after high dose chemotherapy. Until recently, cell differentiation was conceptualized in a step-wise, unidirectional process. Unique progenito...
Adult Stem Cell Plasticity
Sean Lee and Diane S. Krause
The concept that bone marrow derived stem cells (BMSC) can give rise to cells of disparate lineages began to gain widespread support in 1998, as articles first surfaced describing the presence of marrow-derived myocytes and hepatocytes in bone marrow transplant recipient mice. Subsequent report...
Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Autoimmune Diseases
Shimon Slavin, Alberto Marmont and Richard K. Burt
Autoimmune diseases result from self-reactive T-lymphocytes and autoantibodies, produced most likely in cooperation with T-cell dependent B-cells. Until recently, non-specific suppression of self-reactive lymphocytes or the inflammatory process mediated by the ongoing anti-self reactivity repres...
Allogeneic Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Animal Models of Autoimmune Disease
Susumu Ikehara
Using animal models for autoimmune diseases, we show that allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo BMT) can be used to treat autoimmune diseases and, in addition, provide evidence that autoimmune diseases are stem cell disorders. To apply allo BMT to humans, we have very recently establishe...
Analyzing Complex Polygenic Traits: The Role of Non-HLA Genes in the Susceptibility to Autoimmune Disorders
Bernard R. Lauwerys and Edward K. Wakeland
Genetic predisposition plays an important role in the susceptibility to autoimmune disorders. Evidence supporting the contribution of genetic factors include disease concordance in monozygotic twins, occasional familial clustering of related or even unrelated autoimmune conditions and increased ...
Approaches to the Isolation and Characterization of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
S. Scott Perry and Gerald J. Spangrude
The ability to identify and isolate hematopoietic stem cells from mouse bone marrow has allowed researchers to study these cells in isolation from later stages of develop- ment. These studies have led to a more refined understanding of the nature of mammalian hematopoiesis. After a brief review...
Approaches to the Isolation and Characterization of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells
S. Scott Perry and Gerald J. Spangrude
The ability to identify and isolate hematopoietic stem cells from mouse bone marrow has allowed researchers to study these cells in isolation from later stages of development. These studies have led to a more refined understanding of the nature of mammalian hematopoiesis. After a brief review of met...
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Crohn’s Disease
Robert M. Craig and Richard K. Burt
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is being explored as therapy for autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Recently, our medical center performed the first four HSCTs in the world for patients with severe ...
Autologous Hematopoietic Stem CellTransplantation for Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis
Yu Oyama, Walter G. Barr and Richard K. Burt
The term idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) refers to a group of disorders of unknown cause in which immune-mediated inflammation results in muscle injury and complaints of weakness. IIM consist of six distinct subtypes including: type I- primary idiopathic polymyositis (PM), type II- pri...
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation for Refractory Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Nico Wulffraat
Although the overall prognosis for most children with chronic arthritis is good, a small proportion of children with systemic onset or polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) are refractory to combinations of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) and immunosuppressive drugs s...
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Animal Models of Autoimmune Diseases
D.W. van Bekkum
Autologous bone marrow transplantation was introduced for the treatment of severe intractable autoimmune disease (AD) following the demonstration that impressive responses could be obtained with this modality in two different animal models: adjuvant arthritis (AA) and experimental autoimmune en...
Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation in Relapsing Polychondritis
Falk Hiepe, Andreas Thiel, Oliver Rosen, Gero Massenkeil, Gerd-Rodiger Burmester, Andreas Radbruch and Renate Arnold
Relapsing polychondritis is a rare multisystem autoimmune disorder of unknown etiology that was first described by Jaksch-Wartenhorst in 1923.1 It is an episodic and progressive inflammatory disease of the cartilaginous structures, including the elastic cartilage of the ear and nose, the hyaline...
Avian Lymphopoiesis and Transcriptional Control of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation
Jussi Liippo* and Olli Lassila
Hematopoiesis starts in the yolk sac blood islands and in a region of dorsal aorta in the early embryo. Interest in the emergence of the hematopoietic stem cells in the embryo proper has increased in last years. In an avian model the primitive erythropoiesis derived from extraembryonic yolk sac i...
Axonal Injury and Disease Progression in Multiple Sclerosis
Carl Bjartmar and Bruce D. Trapp
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Approximately one million people are affected worldwide and women outnumber men 2:1. MS is a major cause of nontraumatic neurological disability among young adults. The etiology is u...
Bronchial Asthma and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis as Potential Targets for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Jœlio C. Voltarelli, Eduardo A. Donadi, José A. B. Martinez, Elcio O. Vianna and Willy Sarti
In this chapter we examined existing evidence supporting the application of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for the treatment of severe and refractory cases of bronchial asthma or idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Both diseases share chronic inflammatory features mediated by bo...
CD4+ T Regulatory Cells and Modulation of Undesired Immune Responses
Rosa Bacchetta, Megan K. Levings and Maria-Grazia Roncarolo
T regulatory (Tr) cells are a distinct population of T cells which modulate T helper Th1 and Th2 mediated immuno-responses and maintain immunological homeostasis. Thus far, Tr type 1 (Tr1) cells and CD4+CD25+ T cells are the best characterized subsets of CD4+ Tr cells. Both types of Tr cells sh...
Cell-Line Models of Hematopoiesis
Marcelo Pasquini and Schickwann Tsai
Hematopoietic stem cells are distinguished by their ability to self-renew and differenti- ate into all hematopoietic lineages. The molecular mechanisms controlling these pro cesses remain largely unknown. The identification and characterization of genes involved in self-renewal and lineage-res...
Clinical Applications of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Ian McNiece
The bone marrow is the principal site for blood cell formation in humans. In normal adults the body produces about 2.5 billion red blood cells (RBC), 2.5 billion platelets and 10 billion granulocytes per kilogram of body weight per day.1 The production of mature blood cells is a continual process...
Clinical Trials of Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Cardiac and Peripheral Vascular Diseases
Hiroaki Matsubara
Blood vessels are primarily composed of two cell types: endothelial cells, lining the inside and smooth muscle cells, covering the outside. While angiogenesis research has generally been focused on these two vascular cell types, recent evidence indicates that the bone marrow may also contribute ...
Cytokines, Receptors and Signalling Pathways Involved in Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Development
Andrew J. Hapel and E. Richard Stanley
The haematopoietic system produces a wide variety of new functional cells as they are needed, including monocytes, macrophages and myeloid dendritic cells. Macrophages and dendritic cells are specialised for phagocytosis, tissue remodelling and antigen processing and presentation, as we will disc...
Death Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis and Lymphocyte Homeostasis
Lixin Zheng, Richard M. Siegel, Jagan R. Muppidi, Felicita Hornung and Michael J. Lenardo
To generate specific immunity, T and B lymphocyte clones may expand massively in response to antigenic stimulation. The expansion of antigen-specific lymphocytes allows the immune system to control pathogens and possibly neoplasia. However, in order to maintain homeostasis, a clonotypic contrac...
Definition, Classification, Activity and Damage Indices in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Jennifer M. Grossman and Kenneth C. Kalunian
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem disease that is caused by antibody production and comple ment fixing immune complex deposition that results in tissue damage. As potentially many different antibodies can be produced in SLE patients, the different organ specific targets of the...
Dendritic Cells Control the Balance between Tolerance and Autoimmunity
Simon W. F. Milling and G. Gordon MacPherson
Since their first description in 1973,1 many important roles have been described for dendritic cells (DC) in the induction of immunity. DCs are a heterogeneous population of bone marrow derived leukocytes that efficiently link the innate and adaptive immune systems and play a crucial part in ini...
Drug-Induced Autoimmunity
Robert L. Rubin and Anke Kretz-Rommel
Exposure to a wide variety of synthetic compounds has been causally related to the induction of autoimmunity. The vast majority of implicated agents are deliberately ingested medications, and these are associated most often with development of lupus-like signs and/or symptoms. However, it is use...
Embryonic Stem Cells: Unique Potential to Treat Autoimmune Diseases
Dan S. Kaufman and James A. Thomson
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are pluripotent cells that can be maintained indefinitely in culture as undifferentiated cell lines, yet retain their ability to form any cell type. The derivation of human embryonic stem cells provides a new model system to learn about human developmental biology. Thes...
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