Stem Cells
Chapters
« previous | page 2 of 4 pages | next »Endothelial and Hematopoietic Cells in the Intra-Embryonic Compartment
Fumio Arai and Toshio Suda
The development of endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells is closely related at embryonic stages, and both cells share a common precursor, the hemangioblast. Differentiation into hematopoietic and endothelial lineages begins with proliferation of a single layer of mesodermal cells in the yolk ...
Evidence for a Role of Infections in the Activation of Autoreactive T Cells and the Pathogenesis of Autoimmunity
J. Ludovic Croxford and Stephen D. Miller
The immune system provides protection against infection by microorganisms. The first line of defense against infectious pathogens is the innate immune response by neutrophils, NK cells, and macrophages, which differentiates between foreign organisms (nonself ) and self-tissue, by recognizing “p...
Extra and Intraembryonic HSC Commitment in the Avian Model
T. Jaffredo, K. Bollerot, K. Minko, R. Gautier, S. Romero and C. Drevon
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) are at the basis of the hematopoietic system con- struction. In adult higher Vertebrates, HSC, defined by their multipotentiality and self-renewal capacity, settle in the bone marrow where they can differentiate into progenitors with more restricted lineage potent...
Gene and Cell Therapy Involving Hematopoietic Stem Cell
Isabelle André-Schmutz and Marina Cavazzana-Calvo
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) possess two characteristics, long term self-renewal capacity and pluripotentiality, that render them able to develop into the different blood cell lineages. HSC transplantations (HSCT) have thus been used to reconstitute hematopoiesis after myeloablation for more...
Genetic Dissection of Hematopoiesis Using the Zebrafish
Rebecca A. Wingert and Leonard I. Zon
Hematopoiesis during embryogenesis and adult life has been extensively studied in several vertebrate models. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has recently provided a power- ful genetic system to further dissect the molecular pathways of hematopoiesis. Large-scale genetic screens utilizing the zebraf...
Haemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Rheumatoid Arthritis—World Experience and Future Trials
John A. Snowden, John J. Moore, Sarah J. Bingham, Steve Z. Pavletic and Richard K. Burt
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affects approximately 1% of the population. It is rarely life threatening in the short term, but, in the long term, RA and the side effects of therapy shorten life. RA causes significant disability. Of those who have the disease for more than 12 months, a majority will ...
Hematopoiesis in Fetal Liver
Masaki Takeuchi and Atsushi Miyajima
Hematopoiesis is a complex cellular process to generate a huge number of mature blood cells. In the steady state condition, hematopoiesis in the adult takes place in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment, where a rare population of slowly cycling pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is pro...
Hematopoietic Development in Drosophila: A Parallel with Vertebrates
Marie Meister and Shubha Govind
Drosophila hematopoiesis includes two distinct phases. The first phase occurs during the second half of embryonic development, whereas the second hematopoietic phase occurs during the larval stages. Blood cells (hemocytes) are responsible mainly for phagocytosis, encapsulation of large invader...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Biology: Relevance to Autoimmunity
Richard J. Jones
Animal models have been helpful in better understanding the biology of both hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and autoimmunity. Autoimmunity is caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Spontaneous animal models of autoimmunity result from germ-line mutations; these inclu...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Therapy for Patients with Refractory Myasthenia Gravis
Richard K. Burt
Myasthenia gravis (MG), which means severe muscle weakness, is due to antibody mediated loss of motor end plate acetylcholine (ACh) receptors.1,2 In normal muscle, acetylcholine released from a nerve ending binds to the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) on the post synaptic motor end plate of muscl...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation as Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes
Jślio C. Voltarelli, Richard K. Burt, Norma Kenyon, Dixon B. Kaufman and Elizabeth C. Squiers
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease associated with B cell derived antibodies and T cell proliferative responses to a variety of islet cell peptides. Near normalization of blood sugar levels as monitored by glycosylated hemoglobin (HgbA1C) diminishes diabetic secondary complication...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Multiple Sclerosis: Finding Equipoise
Athanasios Fassas and Richard K. Burt
In view of the lack of curative treatments, high-dose myelo/ immunosuppression with autologous stem cell transplantation (HSCT) has been utilized as therapy of multiple sclerosis (MS). HSCT has immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory effects which may tip the immunological balance towards disease...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Ann E. Traynor, Richard K. Burt and Alberto Marmont
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic, clinically and genetically heterogenous disease characterized by diffuse tissue damage mediated in great part by autoimmune pathogenic reactions. Notwithstanding impressive therapeutic progress and significant amelioration of quantity and quality...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation for Systemic Sclerosis
Andrew M. Yeager, Diane BuchBarker, Thomas A. Medsger, Jr. and Albert D. Donnenberg
Systemic sclerosis is a chronic disorder of connective tissue characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of, and degenerative changes in, the blood vessels, skin, synovium, skeletal muscle, and certain internal organs, especially the gastrointestinal tract, lung, heart and kidney.1 Although ther...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients with Autoimmune Bullous Skin Disorders
Joan Guitart and Richard K. Burt
There is an array of primary skin disorders that have been considered autoimmune diseases in their pathogenesis. Most of them are proven to have pathogenic autoantibodies that react against specific antigens on the cell surface of the keratinocytes or basement membrane components. Patients with ...
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in the Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy
George Hutton, Yu Oyama, Richard K. Burt and Uday Popat
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is an acquired immune mediated neuropathy. The characteristic clinical picture is one of slowly progressive weakness and sensory loss. Muscle stretch reflexes are depressed or absent. The diagnosis is supported by findings of elev...
Hematopoietic Stem Cells during Embryonic Development
Catherine Robin, Katrin Ottersbach and Elaine Dzierzak
It has been known for many years that the entire hematopoietic system derives from a pool of stem cells residing in the bone marrow. This, together with the fact that they are readily accessible, has made these stem cells a major focus for fundamental research as well as for clinical applications...
High-Dose Chemotherapy with Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Primary Systemic Vasculitis, Behcet's Disease and Sjogren’s Syndrome
Christoph Fiehn and Manfred Hensel
The potential role of intensive immunosuppression and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of severe autoimmune diseases has been evaluated for several years. A cure seems to be possible in some cases. “Resetting” of the immune system (rather than deletion of the auto-aggres...
High-Dose Immune Suppression without Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Autoimmune Diseases
Robert A. Brodsky
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation holds great promise for treating autoimmunity. The source of hematopoietic stem cells can be from a normal donor (allogeneic) or from the patient (autologous). Due to the high morbidity and mortality of traditional allogeneic stem cell transplantation, mo...
Historical Perspective and Rationale of HSCT for Autoimmune Diseases
Alberto M. Marmont
Autoimmune diseases have been defined as a fascinating but still poorly understood group of diseases,1 which pose “some of the most baffling scientific questions and daunting clinical challenges in internal medicine.”2 This intricated and still imperfectly elucidated background must be considere...
Immune Reconstitution after Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Andreas Thiel, Tobias Alexander, Christian A. Schmidt, Falk Hiepe, Renate Arnold, Andreas Radbruch, Larissa Verda and Richard K. Burt
Qualitative and quantitative changes occur within the immune system during aging. Normal age-related T cell alterations include a decline in CD4+ cells, loss of na•ve (antigenic virgin) cells, increase in memory (antigen experienced) cells, decline in T cell proliferative responses, and narrowin...
Immunological Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis with Emphasis on the Potential Use of Autologous Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Paolo A. Muraro, Henry F. McFarland and Roland Martin
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most intensively studied human autoimmune diseases, and belongs to the few for which immunomodulatory therapies have been approved during the last decade. Nevertheless, these treatments that include interferon-β, glatiramer acetate and mitoxantrone are...
Immunology of Scleroderma
Carol M. Artlett
Systemic sclerosis, or scleroderma (SSc), is an autoimmune disease, which manifests clinically by progressive cutaneous and visceral fibrosis. SSc is a complex, heterogeneous disease with clinical forms ranging from limited skin involvement (lcSSc) to diffuse disease (dcSSc) causing extensive cu...
Immunosuppressive Chemotherapy with Autologous Stem Cell Support for Chronic Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia
Richard D. Huhn, Patrick F. Fogarty, Ryotaro Nakamura and Cynthia E. Dunbar
Autoimmune idiopathic thrombocytopenia (AITP) is a disorder of low platelet counts in which antibodies directed against platelet and megakaryocyte surface proteins cause platelet destruction in reticuloendothelial organs and inhibit platelet production.1,2 A compensatory increase in marrow mega...
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