Cell Biology
Chapters
Actin Doesn’t do the Locomotion Secretion Drives Cell Polarization
Mahasin Osman and Richard A. Cerione
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetry in cell shape resulting from asymmetrical protein distribution within a cell in order to serve a specialized cell function or directional cell division. Mechanisms of cell polarization are conserved through evolution and are achieved by conserved multiprotein...
Biogenesis of Dense-Core Secretory Granules
Grant R. Bowman, Andrew T. Cowan and Aaron P. Turkewitz
Dense core granules (DCGs) are vesicular organelles derived from outbound traffic through the eukaryotic secretory pathway. As DCGs are formed, the secretory pathway can also give rise to other types of vesicles, such as those bound for endosomes, lysosomes, and the cell surface. DCGs differ from...
Carrier Motility
Marcin J. Wozniak and Victoria J. Allan
Membrane traffic pathways require the transport of material between successive or- ganelles, which in neurons may be more than one meter apart. This traffic involves a varied mix of microtubule- and actin-based motility, driven by dynein, kinesin family members and myosins. In this chapter, we ...
Clathrin-mediated Endocytosis
Peter S. McPherson, Brigitte Ritter and Beverly Wendland
Eukaryotic cells use multiple pathways for the endocytic entry of proteins and lipids at the plasma membrane. To date, the best characterized pathway is clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This chapter presents an overview of the mechanisms of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and how it is regulated. ...
COP-Mediated Vesicle Transport
Silvere Pagant and Elizabeth Miller
Transport of lipid and protein within the early secretory pathway is mediated by small transport vesicles that act as molecular taxis, shuttling cargoes between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus and within the Golgi. These vesicles are sculpted from donor organelles by distinct sets...
Entry into the Endoplasmic Reticulum: Protein Translocation, Folding and Quality Control
Sheara W. Fewell and Jeffrey L. Brodsky
Secretory proteins enter the ER after or concomitant with their synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes in a process known as translocation. In either case, nascent secretory proteins must be targeted to the translocation machinery at the ER membrane and must traverse the lipid bilayer of the ER throu...
How We Study Protein Transport
Mary L. Preuss, Peggy Weidman and Erik Nielsen
For the greater part of the last century, research in the field of protein transport was synonymous with microscopy. Before the end of the century, this view was dramatically changed by the emergence of innovative genetic, molecular and biochemical approaches that revolutionized and invigorated the ...
Intracellular Membrane Fusion
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Dalu Xu and Jesse C. Hay
Fusion of biological membranes plays an important role in cell structure and function. It is essential for organelle biogenesis, vesicle targeting, constitutive and regulated exocytosis, endocytosis, pathogen invasion of host cells, sperm-egg fusion and skeletal muscle formation. This chapter summ...
Intracellular Trafficking and Signaling: The Role of Endocytic Rab GTPase
M. Alejandro Barbieri, Marisa J. Wainszelbaum and Philip D. Stahl
Binding of growth factors and other cell-activating agents to cell surface receptors is known to trigger a complex series of events that initiate signal transduction. Ligand activation of many signal-transducing receptors accelerates receptor endocytosis. The classical view is that receptor in...
Lipid-Dependent Membrane Remodelling in Protein Trafficking
Priya P. Chandra and Nicholas T. Ktistakis
Trafficking pathways of eukaryotic cells exhibit sophisticated interplay between protein and lipid components. The protein molecules and their interacting networks are fairly well characterised. However, the lipid components and their regulation are much less understood. In this review, we describe ...
Post-Translational Control of Protein Trafficking in the Post-Golgi Secretory and Endocytic Pathway
Robert Piper and Nia Bryant
Membrane proteins are sorted throughout the secretory and endocytic pathway by cis-acting sorting motifs that are recognized in trans by a host of protein machinery. While sorting information for some proteins can be an intrinsic nonregulated property embedded within their primary sequence, sorting ...
Regulation of Protein Trafficking by GTP-Binding Proteins
Michel Franco, Philippe Chavrier* and Florence Niedergang
In eukaryotic cells, specific mechanisms allow selective packaging of proteins and lipids into transport vesicles, which can then specifically recognize the membrane of the acceptor compartment and fuse with it to deliver their cargo. Formation, transport and docking of vesicles are based on a...
Tethering Factors
Vladimir Lupashin and Elizabeth Sztul
The movement of proteins between compartments of the secretory and endocytic pathways occurs via vesicles and/or larger carriers. The efficacy of both pathways relies on high fidelity with which the vesicles are delivered to the appropriate target membrane. The initial recognition between a ve...
The Endocytic Pathway
Elizabeth Conibear and Yuen Yi C. Tam
As the interface between the intracellular and extracellular environments, the plasma membrane forms a barrier to the uptake of nutrients and other macromolecules as well as a defense against pathogens. Specialized endocytic mechanisms direct the internalization of plasma membrane components, ...
The Exocytic Pathway and Development
Hans Schotman and Catherine Rabouille
The development of a multicellular organism is mostly controlled at the transcriptional level but it has also been shown to require the transport of membrane and proteins through the exocytic pathway to the plasma membrane and the extracellular medium. As they are transported in the different compar...
The Golgi Apparatus
Zhaolin Hua and Todd R. Graham
Secretion of proteins from eukaryotic cells requires the coordinated function of multiple organelles and cellular machineries. After synthesis and translocation into the endoplas- mic reticulum, proteins are exported to the Golgi apparatus, a multi-compartment organelle that is the protein mo...
