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« previous | page 2 of 142 pages | next »Hormonal Heterogeneity of Endometrial Cancer
Carsten Gründker, Andreas R. Günthert and Günter Emons
Endometrial cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the female genital tract in the developed world. Increasing evidence suggests that the majority of cases can be divided into two different types of endometrial cancer based on clinico‑pathological and molecular characteristics. Type I is...
Pharmacogenomics of Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer
Richard Weinshilboum
The treatment of breast cancer with selective estrogen receptor modulators such as tamoxifen and with aromatase inhibitors represents a major advance in cancer chemotherapy. However, there are large variations among patients in both the therapeutic efficacy and side effects of these drugs. Pharmacog...
Adaptation to Estradiol Deprivation Causes Up‑Regulation of Growth Factor Pathways and Hypersensitivity to Estradiol in Breast Cancer Cells
Richard J. Santen, Robert X. Song, Shigeru Masamura, Wei Yue, Ping Fan, Tetsuya Sogon, Shin-ichi Hayashi, Kei Nakachi and Hidtek Eguchi
Deprivation of estrogen causes breast tumors in women to adapt and develop enhanced sensitivity to this steroid. Accordingly, women relapsing after treatment with oophorectomy, which substantially lowers estradiol for a prolonged period, respond secondarily to aromatase inhibitors with tumor regress...
The role of FasL and Fas in Health and Disease
Martin Ehrenschwender and Harald Wajant
The FS7‑associated cell surface antigen (Fas, also named CD95, APO‑1 or TNFRSF6) attracted considerable interest in the field of apoptosis research since its discovery in 1989. The groups of Shin Yonehara and Peter Krammer were the first reporting extensive apoptotic cell death induction...
Foxa1 and Foxa2 Transcription Factors Regulate Differentiation of Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons
Siew-Lan Ang
Midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDA), comprising the substantia nigra pars compacta (A8), the ventral tegmental area (A9) and the retrorubal field (A10) subgroups, are generated from floor plate progenitors, rostral to the isthmic boundary. Floor plate progenitors are specified to become mDA progenit...
Percutaneous Treatment of Surgical Bile Duct Injury
Gianpaolo Carrafiello , Domenico Laganà, Monica Mangini, Federico Fontana, Massimiliano Dizonno, Andrea Ianniello, Elisa Cotta, Riad Salem and Carlo Fugazzola
Surgical bile duct injury (SBDI) is one of the most serious complications of hepato‑biliary surgery and liver transplantation. Regardless of the improvements in surgical techniques in recent years, SBDI remains a critical problem and a major cause of morbidity. Proper diagnosis and treatment o...
The Role of B27 Heavy Chain Dimer Immune Receptor Interactions in Spondyloarthritis
Simon Kollnberger and Paul Bowness
HLA‑B27 (B27) is strongly associated with spondyloarthopathy. The classical role of B27 is to present peptides from intracellular pathogens as a heterotrimeric complex with β2 microglobulin for recognition by the T‑cell receptor (TCR) of CD8 T‑cells. In addition to heterotrime...
Clinical Assessment in the Spondyloarthropathies
Ruth Wittoek and Herman Mielants
In order to measure disease activity, progression and response to therapy, it is important to use accurate, reliable and feasible outcome measures that can ideally be used in longitudinal cohorts, clinical trials and clinical practice.rnWith emerging therapies, the focus on the methodology of outcom...
Pancreas Preservation
Shinichi Matsumoto, Hirofumi Noguchi, Naoya Kobayashi, Angelika Gruessner and David E.R. Sutherland
Pancreas preservation is an essential process prior to both pancreas transplantation and islet isolation. Traditionally, research on pancreas preservation focused on pancreas transplantation. Recently, we focused on islet isolation and transplantation and then created a new solution.rnIn this chapte...
Leptin Signal Transduction—A 2008 Update
Walter Becker
Leptin is an adipocyte‑secreted hormone that informs the brain about the status of the body’s energy stores. Leptin controls energy homeostasis through effects on satiety and energy expenditure but also regulates other processes, including reproduction, glycemic control, immune function and wo...
Calcium Regulation and Signaling in Apicomplexan Parasites
Kisaburo Nagamune, Silvia N. Moreno, Eduardo N. Chini and L. David Sibley
Apicomplexan parasites rely on calcium-mediated signaling for a variety of vital functions including protein secretion, motility, cell invasion, and differentiation. These functions are controlled by a variety of specialized systems for uptake and release of calcium, which acts as a second messenger...
Trypanosoma cruzi: Parasite and Host Cell Signaling during the Invasion Process
Nobuko Yoshida and Mauro Cortez
Mammalian cell invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi is a complex process in which various parasite and host cell components interact, triggering the activation of signaling cascades and Ca2+ mobilization in both cells. Using metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT) generated in vitro and tissue culture-derived tryp...
Role of the gp85/Trans-Sialidase Superfamily of Glycoproteins in the Interaction of Trypanosoma cruzi with Host Structures
Maria Júlia M. Alves and Walter Colli
Invasion of mammalian cells by T. cruzi trypomastigotes is a multi-step and complex process involving several adhesion molecules, signaling events and proteolytic activities. From the blood to the cell target in different tissues the parasite has to interact with different cells and the extracellula...
Microneme Proteins in Apicomplexans
Vern B. Carruthers and Fiona M. Tomley
The invasive stages (zoites) of most apicomplexan parasites are polarised cells that use their actinomyosin-powered gliding motility or “glideosome” system to move over surfaces, migrate through biological barriers and invade and leave host cells. Central to these processes is the timely engagement ...
Erythrocyte Invasion by Plasmodium falciparum: Multiple Ligand-Receptor Interactions and Phenotypic Switching
Manoj Duraisingh, Tiffany DeSimone, Cameron Jennings, Philippe Refour and Chenwei Wu
Infection with the protozoan parasite Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of human malaria with over two million deaths per year. The clinical symptoms of malaria infection result from the rapid exponential expansion of parasites during the asexual erythrocytic phase of the P. falcipar...
Planaria: Short Introduction
Robert B. Raffa
Planarians are free‑living, nonparasitic, bilaterally symmetrical flatworms (dorsoventrally flattened). They range in size from about 3 to about 15 mm and are found throughout the world. There are several features that make planarians particularly noteworthy and valuable for pharmacologic stud...
RankL/Rank as Key Factors for Osteoclast Development and Bone Loss in Arthropathies
Andreas Leibbrandt and Josef M. Penninger
Osteoporosis or rheumatoid arthritis are bone diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide and thus pose a tremendous burden to health care. Ground‑breaking discoveries made in basic science over the last decade shed light on the molecular mechanisms of bone metabolism and bone ...
Biomarkers in Spondyloarthropathies
Chun-Hsiung Chen, David Tak Yan Yu and Chung-Tei Chou
The study of biomarkers in spondyloarthropathy (SpA) has emerged to be a very important field of research. This is particularly because the two commonly used biomarkers, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C‑reactive protein (CRP), are of very low sensitivity and specificity. The second r...
HLA‑B27 Misfolding and Spondyloarthropathies
Robert A. Colbert, Monica L. DeLay, Gerlinde Layh-Schmitt and Dawn P. Sowders
HLA‑B27 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many spondyloarthropathies and in particular ankylosing spondylitis. The observation that the HLA‑B27 heavy chain has a tendency to misfold has raised the possibility that associated diseases may belong in a rapidly expanding category o...
FES and FER: The F‑BAR Domain‑Containing Protein‑Tyrosine Kinases
Waheed Sangrar, Andrew W. Craig and Peter A. Greer
FES and FER are the only two members of a distinct subgroup of the protein‑tyrosine kinase (PTK) family. What distinguishes them from other PTKs and indeed all other kinases, are their unique amino‑terminal domains, which contain sequences homologous to the recently solved F‑BAR do...
Planaria as Model in Drug Abuse Research
Robert B. Raffa
In some complex way, drug abuse is a physiological process that involves the modulation or alteration of one or more neurochemical pathways. These pathways are reviewed in this chapter to the extent that involvement of particular pathways, or interaction among pathways, is known in humans or other m...
Physical Dependence and Withdrawal in Planarians
Robert B. Raffa
A quantifiable feature of drug abuse in animal models is the development of physical dependence and its expression during withdrawal (either abstinence‑ or antagonist‑induced). Withdrawal has sometimes been proposed to be important to understanding drug ‘craving’. Planarians are a conven...
Spondyloarthritis, Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis and Chondrocalcinosis (DISH)
Jácome Bruges Armas, Ana Rita Couto and Bruno Filipe Bettencourt
The authors describe the main clinical and radiological findings of common enthesopathic disorders—Spondylarthritis (SpA), Chondrocalcinosis/calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate crystal deposition disease (CPPD CDD) and Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH), stressing similarities and differenc...
The Enthesis Organ Concept and its Relevance to the Spondyloarthropathies
Michael Benjamin and Dennis McGonagle
A characteristic feature of the spondyloarthropathies is inflammation at tendon or ligament attachment sites. This has traditionally been viewed as a focal abnormality, even though the inflammatory reaction intrinsic to enthesitis may be quite extensive. We argue that the diffuse nature of the patho...
Innate Immunity of Spondyloarthritis: The Role of Toll‑Like Receptors
Robert D. Inman
Amongst the spondyloarthropathies (SpA), the relationship of host susceptibility and environmental triggers is best seen in reactive arthritis (ReA). There are several points from the clinical studies of ReA which highlight important unresolved issues in the pathogenesis. Innate and adaptive immune ...
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