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« previous | page 3 of 144 pages | next »Liver Transplantation—An Overview
Tiffany E. Kaiser, E. Steve Woodle and Guy W. Neff
Liver transplantation has offered thousands of patients a new lease on life. The improvements in survivals are attributed to the various treatment modalities before and after liver transplantation. Certain diseases such as chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an epidemic that is currently th...
Introducing Chronic Graft Failure
Harold C. Yang
Over the past 50 years the short‑term improvement in one year graft survival in solid organ transplantation has improved dramatically. The latest statistics from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) for 2006 demonstrate graft survivals in kidney, liver, lung and heart transp...
Leishmania Invasion and Phagosome Biogenesis
Robert Lodge and Albert Descoteaux
Whereas bacterial pathogens take over the control of their host cell actin cytoskeleton by delivering an array of protein effectors through specialized secretion systems, promastigotes of the protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani rely entirely upon a cell surface glycolipid to achieve this feat. He...
Host Cell Actin Remodeling in Response to Cryptosporidium
Steven P. O'Hara, Aaron J. Small, Xian-Ming Chen and Nicholas F. LaRusso
Despite sporadic reports of Cryptosporidium infection throughout the 1900s, the clinical significance of this parasite in humans was not recognized until the first documented human diagnosis of C. parvum in 1976, and the subsequent realization that as an opportunistic infectious agent, Cryptosporidi...
Plasmodium Sporozoite Passage across the Sinusoidal Cell Layer
Ute Frevert, Ivan Usynin, Kerstin Baer and Christian Klotz
Malaria sporozoites must cross at least two cell barriers to reach their initial site of replication in the mammalian host. After transmission into the skin by an infected mosquito, they migrate towards small dermal capillaries, traverse the vascular endothelial layer, and rapidly home to the liver....
Host Cell Actin Remodeling in Response to Trypanosoma cruzi: Trypomastigote Versus Amastigote Entry
Renato A. Mortara, Walter K. Andreoli , Maria Cecília D.C. Fernandes, Claudio V. da Silva, Adriana B. Fernandes, Carolina L'Abbate and Solange da Silva
Trypanosoma cruzi is the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas’ disease, a highly prevalent vector-borne disease in Latin America. Chagas’ disease is a major public health problem in endemic regions with an estimated 18 million people are infected with T. cruzi and another 100 million at risk (http:...
Transepithelial Migration by Toxoplasma
Antonio Barragan and Niclas Hitziger
A hallmark of T. gondii infections is passage of parasites across restrictive biological barriers—intestine, blood-brain barrier, blood-retina barrier and placenta—during primary infection or reactivation of chronic disease. Traversal of cellular barriers permits rapid dissemination of parasites to ...
Roles of Proteases during Invasion and Egress by Plasmodium and Toxoplasma
Timothy J. Dowse, Konstantinos Koussis, Michael J. Blackman and Dominique Soldati-Favre
Apicomplexan pathogens replicate exclusively within the confines of a host cell. Entry into (invasion) and exit from (egress) these cells requires an array of specialized parasite molecules, many of which have long been considered to have potential as targets of drug or vaccine-based therapies. In t...
Roles of Naturally Occurring Protease Inhibitors in the Modulation of Host Cell Signaling and Cellular Invasion by Trypanosoma cruzi
Julio Scharfstein and Ana Paula C.A. Lima
Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes rely on the structural diversity of the cruzipain family of cysteine proteases to infect and multiply in nonprofessional phagocytic cells. Herein, we will review studies demonstrating that the interplay of cruzipain with peptidase inhibitors modulate infection outco...
The Microsporidian Polar Tube and Its Role in Invasion
Frédéric Delbac and Valérie Polonais
The Microsporidia are a phylum of small unicellular eukaryotes comprising more than 150 genera and 1200 species. They are obligate intracellular parasites which are able to form environmentally resistant spores. Historically, Nosema bombycis, was the first described species in this phylum and is the...
Actin/Myosin-Based Gliding Motility in Apicomplexan Parasites
Kai Matuschewski and Herwig Schüler
Apicomplexan parasites move and actively enter host cells by substrate-dependent gliding motility, an unusual form of eukaryotic locomotion that differs fundamentally from the motility of prokaryotic and viral pathogens. Recent research has uncovered some of the cellular and molecular mechanisms und...
Biogenesis of and Activities at the Toxoplasma gondii Parasitophorous Vacuole Membrane
Anthony P. Sinai
Apicomplexan parasites like Toxoplasma gondii are distinctive in their utilization of parasite encoded motor systems to invade cells. Invasion results in the establishment of the parasitophorous vacuole (PV) within the infected cell. Most apicomplexans complete their intracellular tenure within the ...
The Role of Host Cell Lysosomes in Trypanosoma cruzi Invasion
G. Adam Mott and Barbara A. Burleigh
The cell-invasive, trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi exhibits a unique relationship with lysosomes in target host cells. In contrast to many intracellular pathogens that are adept at avoiding contact with lysosomes, T. cruzi requires transient residence within this acidic organelle for produc...
Intestinal Invasion by Entamoeba histolytica
Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi and William Petri
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that infects humans and causes the disease amebiasis. The spectrum of intestinal amebiasis varies from colonization without symptoms to fulminating diarrhea and intestinal hemorrhage. The dissemination of the parasite via invasion of the intestinal epith...
Comets and Astrobiology
Hervé Cottin and Didier Despois
For a very long time, comets were regarded as bad omens, linked to superstitions, wars, deaths, diseases, etc… But nothing was really known about these wandering objects, suddenly appearing and disappearing in the sky, without prior notice. They were considered by Aristotle as an atmospheric phenome...
Insights in the Activated LR Complex and the Rational Design of Antagonists
Frank Peelman, Lennart Zabeau and Jan Tavernier
The hormone leptin plays an important role in the control of body weight. Leptin is mainly produced and secreted by adipocytes as a 16 kDa nonglycosylated polypeptide and plasma leptin levels positively correlate with body fat energy stores. To a lesser extent, leptin is also expressed in other tiss...
Dynamic Regulation of Antigen Receptor Gene Assembly
Lance R. Thomas, Robin Milley Cobb and Eugene M. Oltz
A hallmark feature of adaptive immunity is the production of lymphocytes bearing an enormous repertoire of receptors for foreign antigens. This repertoire is generated early in B and T‑cell development by the process of V(D)J recombination, which randomly assembles functional immunoglobulin (I...
Aggressive Surgery for Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Vascular and/or Biliary Involvement
Tsuyoshi Sano and Yuji Nimura
In patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presenting with vascular and/or biliary invasion, major hepatectomy is often indicated for curative resection. In HCC patients with portal vein tumor thrombus, limited anatomical resection such as sectionectomy is a possible alternative for a ...
Embryonic Stem Cells in Safety Pharmacology and Toxicology
Tina C. Stummann and Susanne Bremer
Embryonic stem (ES) cells undergo self‑renewal and are pluripotent, i.e., they can give rise to all the types of specialised cells in the body. Scientific knowledge on ES cells is increasing rapidly, leading to opportunities for establishment of ES cell‑based in vitro tests for drug disc...
Luminescent Quantum Dots for Molecular Toxicology
Shivang R. Dave, Collin C. White, Terrance J. Kavanagh and Xiaohu Gao
Recent developments in nanotechnology have made available a host of new approaches for the improved quantitative detection of biomarkers due to the enhanced sensitivity of nanoparticle‑based assays. The majority of molecular toxicology studies revolve around sensitive measurement of cell‑...
Sequential Arterial and Portal Vein Embolization before Right Hepatectomy in Patients with Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Jacques Belghiti, Béatrice Aussilhou and Valérie Vilgrain
Major hepatectomy for large HCC in patients remains a crucial procedure due to the possibility of a low regeneration of the future liver remnant (FLR). It has been demonstrated that preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) increase the tolerance of right hepatectomy. Selective transcatheter arter...
Vascular Isolation Techniques in Liver Resection
Jacques Belghiti, Safi Dokmak and Catherine Paugam-Burtz
During liver resection, various techniques of hepatic vascular control have been proposed to minimize the intraoperative blood losses. They include the isolated occlusion of the hepatic inflow (pedicular clamping) or the combination of occlusion of the hepatic inflow and outflow (total vascular excl...
Surgical Strategies and Technique for Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma
Tsuyoshi Sano and Yuji Nimura
Hepatobiliary resection for hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) remains a technically demanding procedure, calling for a high level of expertise in biliary and hepatic surgery. Treatment strategy for HC includes preoperative staging, perioperative managements and radical surgery. Multidetector row compute...
Production of Microbial Biosurfactants by Solid‑State Cultivation
Nadia Krieger, Doumit Camilios Neto and David Alexander Mitchell
In recent years biosurfactants have attracted attention because of their low toxicity, biodegradability and ecological acceptability. However, their use is currently extremely limited due to their high cost in relation to that of chemical surfactants. Solid‑state cultivation represents an alte...
Vancomycin Resistance VanS/VanR Two‑Component Systems
Hee-Jeon Hong, Matthew I. Hutchings and Mark J. Buttner
Vancomycin is a member of the glycopeptide class of antibiotics. Vancomycin resistance (van) gene clusters are found in human pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium and Staphylococcus aureus, glycopeptide‑producing actinomycetes such as Amycolotopsis orientalis, Actinopl...
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